Traverse Computations

Purpose

Approaches to adjustment

ERE 371

Compass Rule Adjustment

Procedure

ERE 371

Example Traverse
B
38.5
76 m
110 05' 00"
1m

C
.14
30

65 33' 30"

25.605

111 25' 30"

72 54' 30"
58.437 m

ERE 371

Balancing Angles
Purpose
Procedure

ERE 371

Methods for Adjusting Angles

Several possibilities

Selection of method

ERE 371

Equal Corrections
Issue

Distribute closure

Station

Measured Angle

Correction

Adjusted Angle

65 33' 30"

00"

65 33' 30"

110 05' 00"

30"

110 05' 30"

111 25' 30"

30"

111 25' 00"

72 54' 30"

30"

72 55' 00"

359 58' 30"

1' 30"

360 00' 00"

SUM

ERE 371

Equal Corrections to Angles

Advantages

ERE 371

Example Traverse: Balanced Angles

B
38.5
76 m
110 05' 30"
1m

C
.14
30

65 33' 30"

25.605

111 26' 00"

72 55' 00"
58.437 m

ERE 371

Directions of Lines
Use adjusted angles to compute line direction

Azimuths or bearings?

ERE 371

Computing Directions
B
dire

110 05' 30"

ctio

n?

30

5'

30

"

ERE 371

Compute Directions Clockwise Around Traverse

B
100

110 05' 30"

10

' 00

"

30

5'

30

"

Assume or find azimuth of AB

30 15' 30"
Compute azimuth of BA (azimuth of AB 180)
210 15' 30"
Subtract angle at B
210 15' 30" - 110 05' 30" = 100 10' 00"

ERE 371

Directions of Traverse Lines

Station

Line

Angle

AB
B

Azimuth

Bearing

30 15' 30"

N 30 15' 30" E

100 10' 00"

S 79 50' 00" E

168 44' 00"

S 11 16' 00" E

275 49' 00"

N 84 11' 00" W

30 15' 30"

N 30 15' 30" E

110 05' 30"

BC

111 26' 00"

CD

72 54' 30"
DA

65 33' 30"
AB

ERE 371

Directions of Traverse Lines

B
100

10

' 00

"

30

4' 00"
168 4

5'

30

"

A
275 49' 00"

ERE 371

Departures and Latitudes

Departures (deps)

Latitudes (lats)

ERE 371

Computing Departures & Latitudes

Compute by:

Dep = L sin

Lat = L cos

Where:

= azimuth

L = length of line

North (+Y)

Lat. FG = L cos

G
L

Dep. FG = L sin

ERE 371

East (+X)

Example Traverse
B
100

10'

m
41

30
.1

1
30

58.437 m
275 4 9' 0 0"

ERE 371

C
4' 00"
168 4
m
25.605

5'

30

"

00"
38.5
76 m

Example Traverse
Departure = Length x sin (azimuth)
e.g. Dep. AB = 30.141 m x sin(30 15' 30")

Latitude = Length x cos (azimuth)

e.g. Lat. AB = 30.141 m x cos (30 15' 30")
Line

Distance

Azimuth

Departure

Latitude

AB

30.141 m

30 15' 30"

15.1880 m

26.0347 m

BC

38.576 m

100 10' 00"

37.9703 m

-6.8091 m

CD

25.605 m

168 44' 00"

5.0026 m

-25.1116 m

DA

58.437 m

275 49' 00"

-58.1361 m

5.9223 m

0.0248 m

0.0363 m

Sum

152.759 m

ERE 371

Closure in Deps and Lats

For mathematically closed traverse

Geometrically closed traverse

Closure: difference between known/computed position
Linear error of closure (LEC)
Relative error of closure (REC)

ERE 371

Linear Error of Closure

dep =
0.0248 m

A'
lat =
0.0363 m
0.044 m

LEC (dep)2 (lat)2

e.g. LEC (0.0248)2 (0.0363)2 0.044 m

LEC
0.044 m
1
1
REC

perimeter 152.759 m 3471.8 3470

ERE 371

Traverse Adjustment
Goal
Some methods
Arbitrary method
Compass (Bowditch) rule

Least squares adjustment

ERE 371

Readings
Chapter 10 sections 10.1 10.8

ERE 371

Compass Rule Adjustment

Application
Works for traverses with limited number of lines

lat correction
line length

lat closure
traverse length
dep correction
line length

dep closure
traverse length

ERE 371

Compass Rule
Proportion is rearranged for computational efficiency
lat closure
lat correction
line length
traverse length
dep correction

dep closure
line length
traverse length

ERE 371

Compass Rule Balance Departures

Departure correction
dep. corr

departure closure
length
perimeter

- (0.0248 m)
152.759 m

length 0.00016235 length

Corrected departure = Departure + Departure correction

e.g. Corrected departure AB = 15.1880 + (-0.0049) = 15.183 m
Line

Distance

Departure

Departure
Correction

Corrected
Departure

AB

30.141 m

15.1880 m

-0.0049 m

15.183 m

BC

38.576 m

37.9703 m

-0.0063 m

37.964 m

CD

25.605 m

5.0026 m

-0.0042 m

4.998 m

DA

58.437 m -58.1361 m

-0.0095 m

-58.145 m

-0.0248 m

0.000 m

Sum 152.759 m

0.0248 m

ERE 371

Compass Rule Balance Latitudes

Latitude correction
lat. corr

latitude closure
length
perimeter

- (0.0363)
152.759 m

length 0.00023763 length

Corrected latitude = Latitude + Latitude correction

e.g. Corrected latitude AB = 26.0347 + (-0.0071) = 26.028 m
Line

Distance

Latitude

Latitude
Correction

Corrected
Latitude

AB

30.141 m

26.0347 m

-0.0071 m

26.028 m

BC

38.576 m

-6.8091 m

-0.0092 m

-6.818 m

CD

25.605 m -25.1116 m

-0.0061 m

-25.118 m

DA

58.437 m

5.9223 m

-0.0139 m

5.908 m

Sum 152.759 m

0.0363 m

-0.0363 m

0.000 m

ERE 371

Computation of Coordinates
General

Application

ERE 371

Calculate Coordinates
X B X A Departure AB 10000 18.701 10018.701m
YB YA Latitude AB 5000 32.090 5032.090 m
X C X B Departure BC 10018.701 36.196 10054.897m
YC YC Latitude BC 5032.090 13.290 5018.800 m
Station
A

Line Departure

Latitude

AB

26.027 m

15.183 m

B
BC

37.964 m

5026.027 m

10053.147 m

5019.209 m

10058.146 m

4994.092 m

10000.000 m

5000.000 m

4.998 m -25.118 m

D
DA

10015.183 m
-6.818 m

C
CD

X Coordinate Y Coordinate
10000.000 m 5000.000 m

-58.146 m

5.908 m

ERE 371

Adjusted Azimuths and Lengths

North (+Y)

Lat. FG

G
L

L = length of line FG
L dep 2 lat 2

= azimuth of line FG

Dep. FG

dep
tan

lat
1

ERE 371

East (+X)

Calculating Azimuths and Lengths

L = length of line JK
North (+Y)

L dep 2 lat 2

= azimuth of line JK

Dep. JK

dep
tan

lat
1

J
L

East (+X)
Lat. JK

K
ERE 371

Compute Adjusted Azimuths/Lengths

Station

Line

Distance

Azimuth

A
AB

30.132 m

10015.183 m

5026.027 m

10053.147 m

5019.209 m

10058.146 m

4994.092 m

10000.000 m

5000.000 m

25.610 m 168 44' 40"

D
DA

5000.000 m

38.571 m 100 10' 55"

C
CD

10000.000 m
30 15' 25"

B
BC

X Coordinate Y Coordinate

58.445 m 275 48' 10"

ERE 371

Least Squares Adjustment

Theory

Application

Issue

ERE 371

Understanding LS
Advantages of LS approach

Assumptions

ERE 371

Understanding LS
Generally make redundant measurements
Residual
Difference between observation and MPV
e.g. i = MPV obsi

Premise of LS
m

2
i

12 22 32 m2 minimum

i1

ERE 371

Example
Measure distance five times
100.04, 100.15, 99.97, 99.94, 100.06

Every observation has associated residual

M = 100.04 + 1
M = 100.15 + 2

1 = M 100.04

M = 99.97 + 3
M = 99.94 + 4

3 = M 99.97

M = 100.06 + 5

5 = M 100.06

2 = M 100.15
4 = M 99.94

LS selects M to minimize sum of squared residuals

5

2
2
2
2
2
2

i 1 2 3 4 5 minimum
i1

ERE 371

Example cont.
Want to minimize sum of residuals
2
2
2
2
2
2

i 1 2 3 4 5 minimum

2
i

(M 100.04)2 (M 100.15)2 (M 99.97)2 (M 99.94)2 (M 100.06)2

Recall from calculus

Function minimum occurs when derivative is zero
Take derivate with respect to M and equate to zero
i2
M

2(M 100.04) 2(M 100.15) 2(M 99.97) 2(M 99.94) 2(M 100.06) 0

10M 1001.04 0

M 100.10

LS Adjustment of Traverse
Components
Measure: angles and distances
Derive: MPV of point coordinates

Observation equations
Express observed measurements in terms of coordinates

L AB AB (X B X A )2 (YB YA )2
X C XB
X XB
tan1 C
D
YC YB
YC YB

ABC ABC AzBC AzBA tan1

Issue
Equations are non-linear
Normalized through Taylor expansion

ERE 371

Horizontal Traverse LS Adjustment

Minimal input

ERE 371

Estimating Horizontal Coordinates

Approach

Station
A

Line Departure

Latitude

AB

26.035 m

15.188 m

Estimated X Estimated Y
10000.000 m 5000.000 m
10015.188 m 5026.035 m

BC

37.970 m

-6.809 m

10053.158 m 5019.226 m
CD

5.003 m -25.112 m

10058.161 m
DA

-58.136 m

5.922 m

ERE 371

4994.114 m

Input File for LS Adjustment

Title
#distances, #angles, #azimuths,
#control pts, total # pts
Known control point: ID, X, Y
Unknown points: ID, est. X, est. Y
Distance: from, to, distance

Angles: BS, Instr, FS, deg min sec

Azimuth: Instr, FS, deg min sec

ERE 371

Output File for LS Adjustment

Contents of output file

Summary of input data

Adjusted stations
Adjusted distances and residuals
Adjusted angles and residuals
Adjusted azimuths and residuals
Associated statistics

Quality of adjustment
Size of all residuals
Consider SD of unit weight

ERE 371

Output From LS Adjustment

Station

Line

Distance

Azimuth

A
AB

30.127 m

10015.181 m

5026.023 m

10053.143 m

5019.205 m

10058.144 m

4994.084 m

10000.000 m

5000.000 m

25.614 m 168 44' 25"

D
DA

5000.000 m

38.569 m 100 10' 55"

C
CD

10000.000 m
30 15' 25"

B
BC

X Coordinate Y Coordinate

58.445 m 275 48' 35"

ERE 371

Readings
Chapter 10 sections 10.11, 10.16 10.17
Chapter 15 sections 15.1 15.3

ERE 371