PENGENALAN PSIKOLOGI

MINGGU 1

DEFINISI PSIKOLOGI
Psikologi adalah kajian saintifik mengenai
tingkah laku dan proses kognitif
Tingkah laku overt/covert
Proses kognitif proses pemikiran/minda
termasuklah aktiviti menerima, memproses
dan mengeluarkan maklumat.

Ahli psikologi berminat untuk

mendapatkan maklumat secara saintifik
mengenai apa saja yang manusia dan
organisma hidupan lain fikir, rasa dan
lakukan

FALSAFAH DAN SAINS DALAM

PSIKOLOGI

TOKOH-TOKOH PENTING
WILHEM WUNDT (1832-1920)
Orang pertama menemui
makmal psikologi yang
pertama (1879)
Psikologi harus fokus terhadap
pengalaman atas sedar
(conscious experience).
Menganalisis deria, perasaan
dan imaginasi dari akar umbi
untuk mengetahui ciri sebenar
minda manusia melalui kaedah
INTROSPECTION tanya
individu supaya menjelaskan
apa yang ada dalam pemikiran
melalui tugasan yang diberi.

 WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1950)

Penulis awal buku
psychology Principles of
Psychology
Tidak setuju dengan Wilhem
Wundt kerana:
minda tidak statik dan selalu
berubah,
tujuan utama psikologi adalah
untuk memahami bagaimana
minda berfungsi dalam
kehidupan seharian,
bagaimana minda
menyesuaikan dengan
persekitaran yang kompleks.

 JOHN B. WATSON
(1878-1958)
Mengubah
psychology daripada
kajian terhadap
minda kepada kajian
terhadap tingkah
laku overt.
Memperkenalkan
pendekatan
Behaviorisme

TIMELINE OF MODERN PS
YCHOLOGY

PENDEKATAN TEORI
PSIKOLOGI

BEHAVIORISME
Fokus terhadap tingkah laku overt.
Hanya aspek tingkah laku yang boleh
dilihat sahaja yang boleh diukur secara
saintifik.
Ahli behaviorisme terkemuka:
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
Edward Thorndike
John B. Watson
Clark Hull

COGNITIVISM
Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia
melalui bagaimana cara dia berfikir,
menghasilkan maklumat, membentuk
konsep, menyimpan, memprose dan
mengeluarkan maklumat.
Ahli cognitivism terkemuka:
William James
Jean Piaget

PSYCHODYNAMIC /
PSYCHOANALYTIC
Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia melalui
analisis tenaga dalaman yang
mencetuskan konflik tingkah laku.
Kebanyakan aspek tingkah laku berasal
daripada tenaga dalaman yang
terselindung di senalik personaliti
manusia.
Ahli psychoanalysis terkemuka ialah
Sigmund Freud.

HUMANISTIC
Mengkaji tingkah laku manusia
melalui kecenderungan motivasi ke
arah mencapai kesempurnaan
kendiri.
Kecenderungan manusia untuk
menjadi insan yang terbaik
Ahli humanistic terkenal ialah
Abraham Maslow

PERSONEL DALAM
PSIKOLOGI
PSYCHIATRIST
Seorang ahli fizik, selepas menamatkan pengajian
dalam bidang perubatan, beliau membuat
pengkhususan pula dalam bidang merawat
masalah kecelaruan mental.

PSYCHOLOGIST
Mendapat latihan dan bergraduat dalam bidang
Psikologi, membuat Master dan seterusnya PHD
dalam bidang yang sama.
Untuk membuat pengkhususan dalam bidangbidang tertentu dalam psikologi, seperti rawatan
terhadap kecelaruan mental, perlu melengkapkan
sesi latihan di hospital, klinik atau industri

PENGKHUSUSAN DALAM
BIDANG PSIKOLOGI

CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Clinical psychologists assess and treat

people with psychological problems. They may act as therapists for
people experiencing normal psychological crises (e.g., grief) or for
individuals suffering from chronic psychiatric disorders. Some clinical
psychologists are generalists who work with a wide variety of
populations, while others work with specific groups like children, the
elderly, or those with specific disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). They
are trained in universities or professional schools of psychology. They
may be found working in academic settings, hospitals, community
health centers, or private practice. (See also Counseling Psychology.)

COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY: Counseling psychologists do many of the

same things that clinical psychologists do. However, counseling
psychologists tend to focus more on persons with adjustment
problems rather than on persons suffering from severe psychological
disorders. They may be trained in Psychology Departments or in
Schools of Education. Counseling psychologists are employed in
academic settings, community mental health centers, and private
practice. (See also Clinical Psychology.)

 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Developmental

psychologists study how we develop intellectually, socially,
and emotionally over the lifespan. Some focus on just one
period of life (e.g., childhood or adolescence).
Developmental psychologists usually do research and teach
in academic settings, but many act as consultants to day
care centers, schools, or social service agencies.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Educational psychologists are
concerned with the study of human learning. They attempt
to understand the basic aspects of learning and then
develop materials and strategies for enhancing the learning
process. For example, an educational psychologist might
study reading and then develop a new technique for
teaching reading. They are typically trained in Schools of
Education and employed in academic settings. (See also
School Psychology.)

 EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: This area includes a

diverse group of psychologists who do research in
the most basic areas of psychology (e.g., learning,
memory, cognition, perception, motivation, and
language). Their research may be conducted with
animals instead of humans. Most of these
psychologists work in academic settings.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: Forensic psychologists are
involved in analyzing crime evidence and aiding law
enforcement agencies in criminal investigations.
See the brochure from the Psychology and Law
division of the American Psychological Association,
on this site, for useful information.

 HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: Health psychologists are concerned

with psychology's contributions to the promotion and
maintenance of good health and the prevention and
treatment of illness. They may design and conduct programs
to help individuals stop smoking, lose weight, manage
stress, and stay physically fit. They are employed in
hospitals, medical schools, rehabilitation centers, public
health agencies, academic settings, and private practice.
HUMAN FACTORS PSYCHOLOGY: Human Factors researchers
study the human/machine interface. They may help make
appliances such as cameras user-friendly, or they may do
studies of safety-related issues in the design of machinary,
airplane controls and instrument layouts, or they may do
basic research on human perceptual and motor abilities as
they relate to the operation of machines, computers, and
other mechanical devices.

 INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY:
Industrial/organizational psychologists are primarily
concerned with the relationships between people and
their work environments. They may develop new ways
to increase productivity or be involved in personnel
selection. They are employed in business, government
agencies, and academic settings.
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Physiological
psychologists study the physiological correlates of
behavior. They study both very basic processes (e.g.,
how brain cells function) and more readily observable
phenomena (e.g., behavioral changes as a function of
drug use or the biological/genetic roots of psychiatric
disorders). Most are employed in academic settings.

 SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY: School psychologists are involved in

enhancing the development of children in educational
settings. They assess children's psychoeducational abilities
and recommend actions to facilitate student learning. They
are typically trained in Schools of Education and work in
public school systems. They often act as consultants to
parents, teachers, and administrators to optimize the
learning environments of specific students. (See also
Educational Psychology.)
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Social psychologists study how our
beliefs, feelings, and behaviors are affected by other
persons. Some topics of interest to social psychologists are
attitude formation and change, aggression, prejudice, and
interpersonal attraction. Most social psychologists work in
academic settings, but some work in federal agencies and
businesses doing applied research.

1.
2.
3.
5.
6.

PSYCHOLOGICAL DIVISION IN
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION (APA)

Society for General Psychology

Society for the Teaching of Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics
Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative
Psychology
7. Developmental Psychology
8. Society for Personality and Social Psychology
9. Society for the Psychological Study of Social
Issues (SPSSI)
10.Society for the Psychology of Aesthetics,
Creativity and the Arts

12.Society of Clinical Psychology

13.Society of Consulting Psychology
14.Society for Industrial and
Organizational Psychology
15.Educational Psychology
16.School Psychology
17.Society of Counseling Psychology
18.Psychologists in Public Service
19.Society for Military Psychology
20.Adult Development and Aging

21.Applied Experimental and Engineering Psychology

22.Rehabilitation Psychology
23.Society for Consumer Psychology
24.Society for Theoretical and Philosophical
Psychology
25.Behavior Analysis
26.Society for the History of Psychology
27.Society for Community Research and Action:
Division of Community Psychology
28.Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse
29.Psychotherapy
30.Society of Psychological Hypnosis

31.State, Provincial and Territorial Psychological

Association Affairs
32.Society for Humanistic Psychology
33.Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
34.Society for Environmental, Population and
Conservation Psychology
35.Society for the Psychology of Women
36.Society for the Psychology of Religion and
Spirituality
37.Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice
38.Health Psychology
39.Psychoanalysis
40.Clinical Neuropsychology

41.American Psychology-Law Society

42.Psychologists in Independent Practice
43.Society for Family Psychology
44.Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues
45.Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic
Minority Issues
46.Society for Media Psychology and Technology
47.Exercise and Sport Psychology
48.Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict and
Violence: Peace Psychology Division
49.Society of Group Psychology and Group
Psychotherapy

50.Society of Addiction Psychology

51.Society for the Psychological Study of
Men and Masculinity
52.International Psychology
53.Society of Clinical Child and
Adolescent Psychology
54.Society of Pediatric Psychology
55.American Society for the
Advancement of Pharmacotherapy
56.Trauma Psychology

PENYELIDIKAN DALAM BIDANG

PSYCHOLOGY
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Pelbagai aspek tingkah laku diperhati
secara teliti dalam konteks semulajadi

CASE STUDY
Penyelidikan dibuat dengan mendapatkan
maklumat terperinci mengeni sesorang
individu bagi menghasilkan sesuatu
prinsip umum tentang tingkah laku

 SURVEY METHOD
Penyelidikan melibatkan orang ramai
menjawab soal selidik mengenai konsep
yang ingin dikaji dalam tingkah laku.

CORRELATIONAL METHOD
Penyelidikan terhadap dua atau lebih
pemboleh ubah dan menentukan sama ada
perubahan sesuatu pemboleh ubah turut
diikuti dengan perubahan pemboleh ubah
yang lain.

 EKSPERIMEN
Melibatkan kajian tentang sesuatu
rawatan / intervensi sama ada memberi
kesan ke atas tingkah laku atau tidak

PERANAN TEORI DALAM

PSIKOLOGI
Teori mengandungi beberapa konsep
asas, dan mempunyai satu
penyataan yang menjelaskan tentang
hubungkait konsep-konsep tersebut.
Teori digunakan dalam psikologi
untuk memerhati, menjelaskan dan
membuat kesimpulan tentang
sesuatu fenomena tingkah laku.

PERANAN TEORI
DALAM
PENYELIDIKAN
Teori tentang
sesuatu aspek
tingkah laku

Jangkaan
dihasilkan
melalui teori
(hipotesis)

Teori /
hipotesis
diubahsuai,
menghasilkan
jangkan yang
baru
Teori /
hipotesis

Keyakinan
ketepatan
teori
meningkat
Jangkaan
teori /
hipotesis
disahkan
Penyelidikan
dibuat untuk
menguji teori
atau hipotesis
Jangkaan
teori /
hipotesis tidak
disahkan
Keyakinan
ketepatan
teori menurun

ISU ETIKA DALAM

PENYELIDIKAN PSIKOLOGI
Huraikan konsep etika yang berikut:
Informed Consent
Debriefing
Protection of participant
Deception
Confidentiality
Withdrawal from investigation