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I k im
d
1
d
t
vm t
v p zc
v p
I m ik
d
1
d
t
vk t
v p zc
v p
Both ends of
the line are
represented
by Norton
equivalents
1
vk vm
R
4
i 0 i0
dt
dt L
t
i (t t ) i (t )
v(t ) v t t
2L
This can be represented as a Norton equivalent with
current into the equivalent defined as positive
v t t
v(t )
i (t t )
i (t )
2 L t
2 L t
6
i 0 i0
i ti t v ti t
L
L
This also
becomes a
Norton
equivalent. A
similar
expression will
be developed
for capacitors
RL Example
i 0 i0
R/L=667, so the
dc offset decays
quickly
9
6000
t 0.0001
t .0001 sec
t 0 i 0 0
t .0001
v(0 ) Ri (0 )
i (0 )
31.35A
6000
solution: i .0001
Numeric
Exact solution:
i .0001 712.4e .0677 578.8
60.65A
6200
6200
666.4 727.0
60.6 A
10
i(.0002) = 117.3A
Exact solution
i(.0002) = 117.3A
11
12
Values
2,000
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Column 1
Column 1
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Column 2
13
dv(t )
i (t ) C
dt
1 t t
v(t t ) v(t ) i (t )
C t
t
v(t t ) v(t )
i(t t ) i(t )
2C
14
2C
v(t )
i (t )
t
15
L 1.5 103 H / mi
C 0.02 106 F / mi
Switch is closed at
time t = 0.001 sec
16
L'
zc
274 v p
C'
d
.00055sec
vp
1
182,574mi / sec
L 'C '
2L
5000
t
18
i2 .00045 0 v2 .00045 0
2
vs .0001 230,000
cos 2 60 .0001 187,661 V
3
19
Sending
End
Receiving
End
20
v1 .0001 187,661V
i2 .0001 0
Instantaneously
changed from zero
at t = .0001 sec.
v2 .0001 0
v3 .0001 0
21
v1 .00035 0
i2 .00035 0
v2 .00035 0
i2 .0001 0
v3 .0001 0
vs .0002 187,261V
Circuit is essentially
the same
i1 .0002 683 A
v1 .0002 187,261V
i2 .0002 0.
v2 .0002 0.
v3 .0002 0.
Wave is traveling
down the line
22
t .0001
t .0001 switch closed
t .0002
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0006 With interpolation
.0007 receiving end
will see23wave
i1 .00015
v1 .00015 , v2 .00015
i1 .0001 685 A
i1 .0002 683 A
.00015 .0001
.0002 .0001
i1 .0002 i1 .0001
i1 .00015 i1 .0001
24
i1 .0007 662 A
v1 .0007 181,293V
This current
source will stay
zero until we get
a response from
the receiving end
25
v2 .0007 356,731V
i2 .0007 66 A
26
300
250
200
150
Values
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Column 1
0.03
Column 2
Column 3
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Red is the
sending
end voltage (in
kv),
while green
is the receiving
end voltage.
Note the near
voltage
doubling at the
receiving end
27
Graph shows
the current (in
amps) into the
RL load over
the first three
cycles.
400
350
300
250
200
150
Column 2
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Column 1
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
I load ,rms
230, 000 / 3
311 20.6, hence a peak value of 439 amps
400 j94.2 j56.5
28
Values
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
Column 1
Column 2
0.012
Column 3
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.02
Column 4
Graph shows
the voltages for
0.02 seconds
for the
Example 2.1
case extended
to connect
another 120
mile line to the
receiving end
with an
identical load
29
PWFullMatrixGrid Variables
PWFullMatrixGrid Variables
300
400
250
350
300
200
250
200
150
150
100
50
50
Values
Values
100
0
-50
0
-50
-100
-150
-100
-200
-150
-250
-200
-300
-350
-250
-400
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 0.055 0.06 0.065 0.07 0.075 0.08 0.085 0.09 0.095 0.1
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3
30
Three-Phase EMTP
d ab d ac dbc
(rd12 L d 1n )
1
3
Rb (r'd12 L d 1n )
35
1
3
12.6m
1
3
0.102m
12.6
=9.63 10-7H/m = 9.63 10 -4H/km
0.102
1
3
0.1105m
2 8.854 10-12
C
1.17 10-11F/m = 1.17 10-8F/km
ln 12.6
0,1105
Resistance is 0.06/3=0.02/km
37
unit length is
Aa
I
Bb
b
ECc
I c
R jL
0
I n1
M
0
InN
D
km
Dkk' is large so
Dkm' Dkk'
39
41
60
m 850.1m 2789 ft
Dkm '
D kk '
7
Lkm 2 10 ln
2 10 ln
Dkm
D km
7
42
2
.
329
10
H/m
0.0244
7
1
.
403
10
H/m
2.5
2789
7
6
Lan 2 10 ln
1
.
240
10
H/m
5.66
7
Even though
the distances
are worked
here in feet,
the result is
in H/m because
of the units on
0
43
44
45
nN
H km nN
qm ln
qm Pkm
Dkm m a
ma
H km
1
Pkm
ln
2 Dkm
R
b
conductor and kk
46
And solve
Vp PA PB PD1PC Q p
C p PA PB P P
1
D C
47
1
2 29.0
2 29 .0
ln
11
.
177
ln
84.57 mile/F
2 0 0.0300
0.0300
58.05
35.15 mile/F
2.5
Pab 11.177 ln
54.148
25.25 mile/F
5.6569
Pan 11.177 ln
48
Solving we get
77.12 26.79 15.84
Pp PA PB PD1PC 26.79 75.17 19.80 mile/F
15.87 19.80 76.29
0.0150 0.0049 0.0018
1
C p Pp
0.0049 0.0158 0.0030 F/mile
0.0018 0.0030 0.0137
49
Frequency Dependence
50