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Elastic Stresses in Unshored Composite Section

The elastic stresses at any location shall be the sum of

stresses caused by appropriate loads applied separately

Steel beam

Short-term composite section

Permanent loads applied before the slab has hardened, are

carried by the steel section.
Transient loads (such as live loads) are assumed to be carried
by short-term composite action. The short-term modular ratio,
n, should be used.

Long-term composite section.

Permanent loads applied after the slab has been hardened are
carried by the long-term composite section. The long-term
modular ratio, 3n, should be used.

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Elastic Stresses (6.10.1.1)

The procedure shown in this
picture is only valid if the neutral
axis is not in the concrete.
Use iterations otherwise.

Myt
f ct
nI tr

b/n
t

yt
yb

Original section

Transformed section
f sb

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My b
I tr

Elastic Stresses (6.10.1.1)

Effective Width (Interior)
According to AASHTO-LRFD 4.6.2.6.1, the effective width
for interior girders is to be taken as the smallest of:

One quarter of the effective span length (span length in

simply supported beams and distance between
permanent load inflection points in continuous beams).

Average center-to-center spacing.

Twelve times the slab thickness plus the top flange width.

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Hybrid Sections 6.10.3, 6.10.1.10

The web yield strength must be:

1.20 f fyw 0.70 f
yf
yf and fyw 36 ksi

The hybrid girder reduction factor = Rh

12 (3 3 )
Rh
12 2

Where, =2 Dn tw / Afn

Dn = larger of distance from elastic NA to inside flange face

Afn = flange area on the side of NA corresponding to Dn

fn = yield stress corresponding to Afn

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Additional sections

6.10.1.4 Variable web depth members

6.10.1.5 Stiffness

6.10.1.6 Flange stresses and bending moments

6.10.1.7 Minimum negative flexure concrete deck rft.

6.10.1.8 Net section fracture

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Web Bend-Buckling Resistance (6.10.1.9)

For webs without longitudinal stiffeners, the nominal bend buckling

resistance shall be taken as:
Fcrw

0.9 E k
D

tw

where, k bend buckling coefficient

Dc / D 2

where, Dc depth of web in compression in elastic range

When the section is composite and in positive flexure Rb=1.0

When the section has one or more longitudinal stiffeners,

and D/tw 0.95 (E k /Fyc)0.5 then Rb = 1.0

When 2Dc/tw 5.7 (E / Fyc)0.5 then Rb = 1.0

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Web Bend-Buckling Reduction (6.10.1.10)

If the previous conditions are not met then:

2 Dc
awc
rw 1.0

tw
1200 300 awc

Rb 1

where, rw 5.7
and

awc

E
Fyc

2 Dc t w
b fc t fc

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Calculating the depth Dc and Dcp (App. D6.3)

For composite sections in positive flexure, the depth of the

web in compression in the elastic range Dc, shall be the
depth over which the algebraic sum of the stresses in the
steel, the long-term composite and short term composite
section is compressive
Dc

f DC1 f DC 2 fWS f LL IM
tf
f DC1 f DC 2 fWS f LL IM

csteel
c3n
cn

In lieu, you can use

fc
Dc
d t fc 0
f f

t
c
where, d depth of steel sec tion
f c and ft are the compression and tension flange stresses

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Calculating the depth Dc and Dcp (App. D6.3)

For composite sections in positive flexure, the depth of the

web in compression at the plastic moment Dcp shall be
taken as follows for the case of PNA in the web:
'

F
A

F
A

0
.
85
f
D yt t
yc c
c As Fyr Ar
Dcp
1
2
Fyw Aw

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6.10 I-shaped Steel Girder Design

Proportioning the section (6.10.2)
Webs without longitudinal stiffeners must be limited to
D/tw 150

Webs with longitudinal stiffeners must be limited to

D/tw 300

Compression and tension flanges must be proportioned

such that:
b D/6
f

bf
2t f

12.0

t f 1.1 tw
0.1

I yc

ebooks.edhole.co I yt

10

Section Behavior

Moment

Mp
My

Compact
Noncompact
Slender

Curvature

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6.10 I-Shaped Steel Girder Design

Strength limit state 6.10.6

Composite sections in positive flexure (6.10.6.2.2)
Classified as compact section if:
Flange yield stress (F ) 70 ksi
yf

2 Dcp
tw

E
3.76
Fyc

where, Dcp is the depth of the web in compression at the

plastic moment
Classified as non-compact section if requirement not met
Compact section designed using Section 6.10.7.1
Non-compact section designed using Section 6.10.7.2

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6.10.7 Flexural Resistance

Composite Sections in Positive Flexure
Compact sections
At the strength limit state, the section must satisfy
1
M u fl S xt f M n
3
If D 0.1 D , then M = M
p
t
n
p

Otherwise, Mn = Mp(1.07 0.7 Dp/Dt)

Where, Dp = distance from top of deck to the N.A. of the

composite section at the plastic moment.
Dt = total depth of composite section

For continuous spans, Mn = 1.3 My. This limit allows for

better design with respect to moment redistributions.
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6.10.7 Flexural Resistance

Composite Sections in Positive Flexure
Non-Compact sections (6.10.7.2)
At the strength limit state:

The compression flange must satisfy fbu f Fnc

The tension flange must satisfy fbu + fl/3 f Fnt

Nominal flexural resistance Fnc = Rb Rh Fyc

Nominal flexural resistance Fnt= Rh Fyt

Where,

Rb = web bend buckling reduction factor

Rh = hybrid section reduction factor

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6.10.7 Flexural Resistance

Composite Sections in Positive Flexure

Ductility requirement. Compact and non-compact sections

shall satisfy Dp 0.42 Dt

This requirement intends to protect the concrete deck

from premature crushing. The Dp/Dt ratio is lowered to
0.42 to ensure significant yielding of the bottom flange
when the crushing strain is reached at the top of deck.

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6.10 I-Shaped Steel Girder Design

Composite Sections in Negative Flexure and Noncomposite Sections (6.10.6.2.2)

Sections with Fyf 70 ksi
Web satisfies the non-compact slenderness limit
2 Dc
E
5.7
tw
Fyc

Where, Dc = depth of web in compression in elastic range.

Designed using provisions for compact or non-compact web

section specified in App. A.
Can be designed conservatively using Section 6.8
If you use 6.8, moment capacity limited to M
y

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If use App. A., get greater moment capacity than M
y

6.10.8 Flexural Resistance Composite Sections in

Negative Flexure and Non-Composite Section
Discretely braced flanges in compression
fbu

Discretely braced flanges in tension

fbu

1
fl f Fnc
3

1
fl f Fnt
3

Continuously braced flanges: fbu f Rh Fyf

Compression flange flexural resistance = Fnc shall be taken

as the smaller of the local buckling resistance and the
lateral torsional buckling resistance.

Tension flange flexural resistance = Fnt = Rh Fyt

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Flange Local buckling or Lateral Torsional

Buckling Resistance

Fn or Mn

Fmax or Mmax

Inelastic
Buckling
Inelastic Buckling
(Compact)
(non-compact)

Fyr or Mr

Elastic Buckling
(Slender)
Lp
pf
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Lr
rf

Lb
f

6.10.8 Flexural Resistance Composite Sections in

Negative Flexure and Non-Composite Section

Fnc Compression flange flexural resistance local buckling

f

b fc
2 t fc

When, f pf
When, f rf

pf 0.38

E
Fyc

rf 0.56

E
Fyr

Fnc Rb Rh Fyc

Fyr
Fnc 1 1

Rh Fyc

Fyr 0.7 Fyc

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f pf
Rb Rh Fyc

rf pf

Lb

Fnc Compression flange flexural resistance

Lateral torsional
buckling
E
E
L p 1.0 rt

When, Lb L p

Fyc

rf rt

Fnc Rb Rh Fyc

Fyr
Fnc Cb 1 1

R
F

h yc

Fnc Fcr Rb Rh Fyc

When, Lb Lr
When, Lb Lr

Where,
2

f
f
Cb 1.75 1.05 1 0.3 1
f 2
f2
Fcr

rt

Cb Rb 2 E
Lb

rt

b fc

Fyr

Dc tw
12 1

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3
b
t
fc fc

2.3

Lb L p

Lr L p

Rb Rh Fyc Rb Rh Fyc

Lateral Torsional Buckling

Lateral support

Lb

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Unstiffened Web Buckling in Shear

Web plastification in shear

Vn V p 0.58 Fyw D.t w

Inelastic web buckling

Vn 1.48tw2 EFyw

Elastic web buckling

3

4.55t w E
Vn
D
2.46

E
Fy

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3.07

E
Fy

D/tw

6.10.9 Shear Resistance Unstiffened webs

At the strength limit state, the webs must satisfy:

Vu v Vn

Nominal resistance of unstiffened webs:

Vn = Vcr = C Vp
where, Vp = 0.58 Fyw D tw

C = ratio of the shear buckling resistance to shear yield strength

k = 5 for unstiffened webs
D
Ek
If ,
1.12
;
tw
Fyw
If ,

If ,

1.12

then C 1.0

Ek
D
Ek
1.12

1.40
; then C
D
Fyw tw
Fyw
tw

D
Ek
1.40
;
tw
Fyw

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then C

1.57
D

tw

Ek
Fyw

Ek
Fyw

Tension Field Action

Vn Vcr VTFA
Beam Action
Tension Field Action

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d0

6.10.9 Shear resistance Stiffened Webs

Members with stiffened webs have interior and end panels.

The interior panels must be such that
Without longitudinal stiffeners and with a transverse
stiffener spacing (do) < 3D

With one or more longitudinal stiffeners and transverse

stiffener spacing (do) < 1.5 D

The transverse stiffener distance for end panels with or

without longitudinal stiffeners must be do < 1.5 D

The nominal shear resistance of end panel is

Vn = C (0.58 Fyw D tw)

For this case k is obtained using equation shown on next

page and do = distance to stiffener

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Shear Resistance of Interior Panels of Stiffened Webs

If the sec tion is proportioned such that :

2 D tw

b fct fc b ft t ft

Vn 0.58 Fyw D tw

0.87 (1 C )
C

2
do
1
D

where, d o transverse stiffener spacing

k shear buckling coefficient 5

5
d o
D

0.87 (1 C )

If not , then Vn 0.58 Fyw D tw C

d o
do
1

D
D

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2.5

Transverse Stiffener Spacing

Interior panel

d o 1 .5 D

d o 3D

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End
panel

do 1.5 D

Types of Stiffeners
Transverse
Intermediate
Stiffener

Longitudinal
Stiffener

do 1.5 D

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d o 1.5D

Bearing
Stiffener

6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners

Consist of plates of angles bolted or welded to either one or

both sides of the web
Transverse stiffeners may be used as connection plates for
diaphragms or cross-frames
When they are not used as connection plates, then they shall
tight fit the compression flange, but need not be in bearing
with tension flange
When they are used as connection plates, they should be
welded or bolted to both top and bottom flanges
The distance between the end of the web-to-stiffener weld
and the near edge of the adjacent web-to-flange weld shall
not be less than 4 tw or more than 6 tw.

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Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners

Single Plate

Angle

Double Plate
Less than 4 tw or more than 6tw

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6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

Projecting width of transverse stiffeners must satisfy:

bt 2.0 + d/30
and

bf/4 bt 16 tp

The transverse stiffeners moment of inertia must satisfy:

It do tw3 J
where, J = required ratio of the rigidity of one transverse
stiffener to that of the web plate = 2.5 (D/do)2 2.0 2.5
It = stiffener m.o.i. about edge in contact with web for
single stiffeners and about mid thickness for pairs.

Transverse stiffeners in web panels with longitudinal

D
stiffeners must also satisfy: It bt
Il
bl

3.0 d o

6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

The stiffener strength must be greater than that required for

TFA to develop. Therefore, the area requirement is:

Fyw 2
Vu
D
As 0.15 B (1 C )
tw
18
t

V
F

w
crs
v n
where, Fcrs elastic local buckling stress
Fcrs

0.31E
bt

t p

Fys

and , B 1.0 for stiffener pairs

B 1.8 for sin gle angle stiffener
B 2.4 for sin gle plate stiffener

If this equation gives As negative, it means that the web alone

is strong enough to develop the TFA forces. The stiffener
must be proportions for m.o.i. and width alone

6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

Bearing Stiffeners must be placed on the web of built-up

sections at all bearing locations. Either bearing stiffeners will
be provided or the web will be checked for the limit states of:

Web yielding Art. D6.5.2

Web crippling Art. D6.5.3

Bearing stiffeners will consist of one or more plates or

angles welded or bolted to both sides of the web. The
stiffeners will extend the full depth of the web and as closely
as practical to the outer edges of the flanges.
The stiffeners shall be either mille to bear against the flange
or attached by full penetration welds.

6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

To prevent local buckling before yielding, the following

should be satisfied.
E
bt 0.48t p
Fys

The factored bearing resistance for the fitted ends of

bearing stiffeners shall be taken as:

Rsb n 1.4 Apn Fys

The axial resistance shall be determined per column

provisions. The effective column length is 0.75D
It is not D because of the restraint offered by the top and
bottom flanges.

6.10.11 Design of Stiffeners

Interior panel

d o 3D

tp

End
panel

d o 1.5 D

bt
9tw

9tw

9tw

General Considerations

Shear studs are needed to transfer the horizontal shear

that is developed between the concrete slab and steel
beam.
AASHTO-LRFD requires that full transfer (i.e. full
composite action) must be achieved.
Shear studs are placed throughout both simple and
continuous spans.
Two limit states must be considered: fatigue and shear.
Fatigue is discussed later.

Strength of Shear Studs

Qr sc Qn
0.85
Cross-sectional are of the stud in square inches

Qn 0.5 Asc

'
f c Ec

Asc Fu

Minimum tensile strength of the stud (usually 60 ksi)

Placement

A sufficient number of shear studs should be placed

between a point of zero moment and adjacent points of
maximum moment.
It is permissible to evenly distribute the shear studs along
the length they are needed in (between point of inflection
and point of maximum moment), since the studs have the
necessary ductility to accommodate the redistribution that
will take place.

Miscellaneous Rules

Minimum length = 4 x stud diameter

Minimum longitudinal spacing = 4 x stud diameter
Minimum transverse spacing = 4 x stud diameter
Maximum longitudinal spacing = 8 x slab thickness
Minimum lateral cover = 1".
Minimum vertical cover = 2.
Minimum penetration into deck = 2