Digestibility of Pellet

from Pineapple Whole

Plant Waste in Ruminant
Muhammad Fakhri Bin Zainuddin
Semester 4 sesi 2013/14
Prof. Madya Dr. Rosnah Shamsudin,
Dr-Ing. Noriznan Mokhtar,
Prof. Dr. Dahlan Ismail

PROBLEM STATEMENTS

Reduction in
land for fodder
or roughages
around the
world

Increase air
pollution
because of the
open burning

PROBLEM
STATEMENTS

Pineapple waste
residues disposed
and served as
fertilizer or burnt in
the open field

High cost for

animal
feed(pasture
,oil palm
waste, pellet
manufacturi
ng)

OBJECTIVES

To determine the
digestibility of the pellet
for ruminant by using in
vitro process.

FLOW CHART
Preparation of Pineapple Residue
(Moris, Josapine, MD2)

Cut and grinded into 1mm particle

Pre-conditioning with
moisture content (3550%)

Temp:100C
Diameter:8mm
150rpm

Extrusion Process

Drying
process
72h at 60C

Pelletization Process

Compaction Process

Digestibility
Percentage of Digest material
pH

The Menke in vitro

gas production
technique

Diameter:8mm

INTRODUCTI
ON
DIGESTIBILITY OF FIBER IN HERBIVORES
Herbivores:
1. Ruminant (Sheep, cattle, cow, goat)
2. Non Ruminant/Monogastric (Horse, swine)
Ruminant
A ruminant stomach has four chambers:
1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum
Non Ruminant/Monogastric :
1. One stomach (The work involved in breaking up food is done in
one
stomach.

INTRODUCTI
ON

INTRODUCTI
ON

FIGURE 2

INTRODUCT
ION
Ruminant
stomach
compartment
1.Rumen
-Food mix
-Microbes break down
the food and convert
into protein
-use the protein for
itself

FOUR
STOMACH
CHAMBER FOR
RUMINANT

2.Reticulum
-Food mix, soaked in acidic
juices,broken down further
- Food thats too large is
regurgitated back to the
mouth to be rechewed again

3.Omasum
-has many folds of
tissue
-reabsorption of water
from flowing
food(digesta)
by
squeezing

4.Abomasum
-similar to human
stomach
-secretes stomach
juices and acids to
break down food
into simple
nutrients(protein,
fats,carbs and etc)

INTRODUCT
ION

FIBER

Fiber can be defined as carbohydrates that are not digested by

mammalian enzymes but can potentially be digested by rumen
microorganisms.
Fiber includes cellulose,hemicellulose, lignin, and soluble fiber
(fructans, pectans, galactans, and -glucans).
Fiber in plant material is in the structural components of cell walls. In
the rumen, fiber digesting bacteria, digest fiber (structural
carbohydrates). Supplement with highly digestible fiber is more
appropriate to maintain forage
intake,
digestibility,
and rumen pH.
PELLET
FIBER
AS
FEED
Physical processing of forages by grinding and pelleting does provide a greater
surface area for attack by enzymes in the rumen.
Pellet can increase animal performance by increased digestible energy intake.
Types of Pelletization Technique:
1.Extrusion
2.Compression
3.Globulation
4.Balling

Methodolo
gy
PART 1: PELLET
PRODUCTION

The whole
pineapple
plants were
collected

Cut and Dried (60C,

72hours)

Grinded to 1mm
particle size

Extrusion

Compacti
on

Preconditioned with
water (35%-50% MC)

Methodolo
gy
PART 2: The Menke in vitro gas
production technique

Grinded pellet
sample(200mg) is
weighed into a
glass flask

Buffers, macro and micro-minerals

are added along with rumen fluid
extracted from a cow fit with a
ruminal cannula
The grinded pellet, buffers and
rumen fluid are incubated in a
water bath in an anaerobic
environment (carbon dioxide) at a
cows body temperature (102 F)
for 72 hours
Every 3hours, the reading of gas
measurement was taken until
24hours, then , another reading
was taken at 48 and 72 hours.

The flask containing the sample, buffers and

rumen fluid is removed from water bath and
the remaining solution is filtered, dried and
calculated

Result
PELLET FROM
COMPACTION
TIME(Hrs)/PARAM
ETER (MC)
(ml/200mgDM)

35

40

45

50

8.001.73

9.330.58

8.000

4.332.08

14.671.53

17.660.58

16.330

11.331.73

20.002.52

24.000.58

23.670

17.0032.89

12

24.674.00

28.670

28.670

21.343.21

15

33.005.51

34.673.46

36.170.71

28.004.73

21

34.006.26

37.330.29

37.000.71

28.834.73

24

35.666.51

39.160.29

37.331.41

30.665.69

48

41.507.50

46.830.29

470.71

36.675.62

72

49.344.16

49.671.00

49.421.06

38.505.84

Result
PELLET FROM EXTRUSION
TIME(Hrs)/PARAM 35
ETER (MC)
(ml/200mgDM)
3
7.331.15

40

45

50

5.673.21

5.670.58

6.832.75

14.662.08

12.004.93

13.000.58

13.832.18

19.672.65

16.345.77

18.671.00

19.003.21

12

24.002.89

19.676.08

22.671.00

22.673.46

15

29.673.46

24.346.66

27.501.44

28.346.35

21

30.503.46

25.176.66

28.501.73

29.336.21

24

32.004.04

26.337.00

30.161.89

30.666.66

48

37.004.95

28.558.49

35.675.66

36.007.40

72

39.174.95

29.679.90

36.53.54

37.677.81

Result
Digestibility Vs Time

60

50

40

C35
C40
C45
C50

30
Gas Produced
(ml/200mg DM)

E35
E40
E45

20

E50

10

0
3

12

15

Time (Hour)

21

24

48

72

Result
PERCENTAGE OF PELLET DIGESTION AFTER 72hours in RUMEN FLUID
Moisture Content (%)

COMPACTION

EXTRUSION

35

57.675.03

58.671.79

40

61.331.37

54.001.73

45

59.002.00

56.334.51

50

56.671.53

55.673.79

Compaction pellet from 40% MC is the highest value, compared to others.

This result show that all the pellet digested more than 50% from its initial
weight, which indicate that the pellet is and suitable for herbivore to
consume.

Result

Digestibility is critical in evaluating food utilization by herbivores because it

accounts for both passage time of food in the digestive tract and nutritional benefit
from forage (Clauss et al. 2007).
In ruminants, breakdown of food is facilitated by mastication and microbial
degradation that act as sequential processes that reduce particle size enabling
passage from the rumen (Duncan and Poppi 2008).
The digestibility of the pellet from compaction at 35, 40 and 45% of moisture
content shows the highest value which were 49.34, 49.6 and 49.42 ml/200mgDM ,
respectively.
When the volume of gas (methane) increase, the digestion of feed also increase.
From the graph, it show that the rate of digestion is proportionally increase with the
time.
The feed processing, which is extrusion and compaction , both of them show
significant difference in rate of digestion.
The result show that the compaction process have high rate of digestion compared
to extrusion process within 72hours digestion.
The pellet from compaction is soft compared to pellet from extrusion process, which
is hard. So, the pellet from compaction was quickly digested.
Digestion of food in the rumen occurs by a combination of microbial fermentation
and physical breakdown during regurgitation of the food by rumination.
Microbial attack is carried out by a mixed population of bacteria, ciliate protozoa
and a small number of anaerobic fungi.

Result
pH in the rumen fluid

Moisture Content (%)

COMPACTION

EXTRUSION

35

6.8

6.9

40

6.8

7.0

45

6.8

7.0

50

6.7

7.0

pH above was taken after 72hours digestion.

The normal pH in rumen for very stable environment for microbial growth
ranges from 5.5 to 7.0
The result show that the fermentation in rumen was occurred in suitable
condition.
Keeping the rumen healthy and in balance means that fiber will be digested
at a maximal rate and feed intake will be maximized as well

Conclusion
s
-As the conclusion, the pellet from compaction exhibited the
highest rate of digestion, and highest percentage of feed
digested in the rumen within 72hours, compared to pellet
from extrusion.
-Rumen microorganisms, through the production of enzymes,
allow the ruminant animal to use the fibrous feed pellets as
an energy sources.

Referenc
es
Paster, M., Joan, L. P., and Tracy, M. C. (2003). Industrial Bioproducts: Today and tomorrow, Report prepared for the US Department of Energy,
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ACHIEVEMENTS
Publications
1. Physicochemical Properties of Pineapple Plant Waste Fibers from
the Leaves and Stems of Different Varieties, (Bioresources)- In Review
2. Analysis on Pineapple Waste Pellet for Ruminant Digestibility- (in
progress)
. Conferences
1. Effect of Moisture Content on Tensile Strength of Pineapple Waste
Pellet, NCAFM 14, 20-22 May, 2014 Kota Kinabalu
2. Effect of moisture content on physical properties of animal feed
pellets from pineapple plant waste, 2nd International Conference on
Agricultural and Food Engineering. Caf-i, 1-3 December Kuala Lumpur
. Awards:
1. Bronze Prize Award for Pineapple Whole Plant Waste as Potential Feed
For Cattles, INOVA Croatia, 12-17 November 2013.
2. Agri Green Special Award for Pineapple Whole Plant Waste as Potential
Feed For Cattles at INOVA, Croatia, 12-17 November 2013.
3. Pinewaste Pellet as a Feed For Ruminant, Bronze Medal, I-envex 2014

THAN
K YOU