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HEAT
4.1: Thermal
Equilibrium
4.1.1: Relationship between Temperature and Heat
1.
2.
3.
4.
Temperature
The degree of hotness
of an object
Base quantity
Unit: Kelvin (K) of
degree Celcius (oC)
Can be measured
using thermometer
Heat
A form of energy
Derived quantity
Unit: Joule (J)
No specific measuring
equipment
Body ABody B
equivalent
hot cold
Slower rate of heat transfer
Net heat
flow from
A to B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
x0 = 0 oC = l0 cm
x0
l0
ice
x100
steam
Boiling water
Heat
= ? oC = l cm
warm water
10
Steam point,
100oC
warm water,
ice, 0oC
l /cm
l100
l0
l100
l
l0
0
100
/oC
l l0
o
100 C
l100 l0
11
Example 4.1.2
15.3 cm
100oC
12
100
Exercise 4.1.2
100oC
14
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mercury
Has freezing point of
-39oC and boiling point
of 357oC
Sensitive to changes
in temperature
Do not stick to the
glass wall of the
thermometer
Expand uniformly
Alcohol
Has freezing point of
-112oC and boiling
point of 78oC
React slowly to
changes in
temperature
Stick to the glass wall
of the thermometer
17
Where m = mass
Q = heat supplied
= change in temperature
2.
3.
4.
(J kg-1 K-1)
3500
2500
1000
900
Glass
840
Iron
Copper
Brass
Lead
Mercury
Water
ice
liquid
steam
440
390
370
130
140
2100
4200
2000
Table 4.2:
Approximate
specific heat
capacities of some
common materials
21
2.
3.
22
Cooling System
1.
23
24
Sea Breeze
25
1.
During the day, the land and the sea receive the
same amount of heat from the sun.
2.
3.
4.
The hot air above the land flows up and the cool
air from the sea flows towards the land.
5.
Land Breeze
27
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Example 4.2.2
Exercise 4.2.2
Example 4.2.2
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 C-1;
Specific heat capacity of iron = 440 J kg-1 C-1]
31
Exercise 4.2.2
32
Homework
For following questions refer to table 4.2 for specific heat capacities
33
34
Gas
BOILING
Latent heat absorbed
CONDENSATION
Latent heat released
MELTING
Latent heat absorbed
solid
SOLIDIFICATION
Latent heat released
liquid
37
Temperature, oC
Solid
+
liquid
Liqui
d+
gas
gas
liquid
solid
Time
38
Temperature, oC
gas
Liqui
d+
gas
liquid
Solid
+
liquid
solid
Time
39
41
42
44
rearrange Q ml
45
ml
v
v
m
temperature.
46
47
Melting
Substan
point /
ce
o
C
Water
0
lf / J kg-1
Boiling
point /
o
C
100
lv / J kg-1
3.36 x
2.26 x
105
106
Mercury
-39
1.14 x
357
2.96 x
104
105
Ethanol
-114
1.08 x
78
8.55 x
105
105
Gold
1063
6.28 x
2808
1.72 x
104
106
Table 4.3: The specific latent heats of some common substance
Copper
1083
2.07 x
2566
4.73 x
105
106
48
Exercise 4.3
-1
50
Homework
1. A 0.25 kg steel ball at 80C is placed on a large block of ice.
Calculate the mass of ice melted by the heat from the steel
ball. [Specific heat capacity of steel = 420 J kg-1 oC-1; Specific
latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 000 J kg-1]
2.
51
52
53
2.
Pressure of gas
1. According
2. The
3. The
55
Volume of gas
1. The
2. Therefore,
56
Temperature of gas
1. Gas
2. When
3. The
57
2.
1
P
V
or PV = constant, k
58
3.
P1V1 P2V2
4.
1
V
59
Example 4.4
Exercise 4.4
1. An
Charles law
1. Charles
V 2.=Derivation
kT , whereofk Charless
constant, law
therefore
equation;
V1 V2
T1 T2
62
4.
T/K
63
1. The
2. Theoretically,
3. Actually
4.
5.
6.
Example 4.4
3.
3.
66
Pressure law
1. Pressure
P T
2. In short,
P
or constant, k
T
therefore;
P1 P2
T1 T2
67
3.
/ oC
T/K
68
Example 4.4
4.
4.
Homework
Answer
3) 213.75 ml
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
71