Calibration Training

ISO/IEC 17025
Requirements for
Uncertainty of
Measurement and
Basics of Uncertainty
of Measurement
Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |
Uncertainty of Measurement
The word uncertainty means doubt, and thus in its

broadest sense uncertainty of measurement means
doubt about the validity of the result of a measurement
Because of the lack of different words for this genera
concept of uncertainty and the specific quantities that
provide quantitative measures of the concept, fo
example, the standard deviation, it is necessary to use
the word uncertainty in these two different senses.
The formal definition of the term uncertainty o
measurement developed for use is as follows:
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter, associated with the result of a measurement
that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could
reasonably be attributed to the measurand
uncertainty (of measurement)

parameter,
associated
with
the
result
of
a
measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the
values that could reasonably be attributed to the
measurand
standard uncertainty
uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed
as a standard deviation
Type A evaluation (of uncertainty)
method of evaluation of uncertainty by the statistica
analysis of series of observations
Type B evaluation (of uncertainty)
method of evaluation of uncertainty by means other
than the statistical analysis of series of observations
combined standard uncertainty

standard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when
that result is obtained from the values of a number of other
quantities, equal to the positive square root of a sum o
terms, the terms being the variances or co-variances of these
other
quantities
weighted
according
to
how
the
measurement result varies with changes in these quantities
expanded uncertainty
quantity defining an interval about the result of a
measurement that may be expected to encompass a large
fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be
attributed to the measurand
coverage factor
numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined
standard uncertainty in order to obtain an expanded
uncertainty
No measurement can be made with 100 %
confidence
All measurements has influencing factors
which can not be perfectly quantified.
Hence all measurements statement shall
include Uncertainty of Measurement
Example Digital Caliper

calibrated by Technician
Standard Value : 300 mm
Measured value : 299.988 mm
Error : 0.012 mm
Uncertainty : +/- 0.00732 mm (7.32 m)
What does this mean?

If you have got result of 299.988 mm, it is
actually between 299.98068 to 299.99532 mm
Uncertainty of
Measurement
The uncertainty of measurement is a
parameter that characterizes the spread
of values that could reasonable be
attributed to measureand.
It states the range of values within
which the value of the measure and is
estimated to lie with a stated level of
confidence.
Example Error and UoM

Consideration
Error of Caliper is 0.012 mm, UoM is 0.00732 mm
What does this mean?
For Error 300 mm measured by Caliper is actually
between 299.988 mm, and hence Standard reading
Observed reading = Error
For UoM say at 300 mm It may be 299.98068 to
299.99532 mm or 299.99268 to 300.00732 mm (if no error is
there). Means UoM is not dependent on error but it is
actually the unknown errors, which plays important role
during calibration.
Uncertainty of
Measurement
To whom it is applicable?
Calibration
laboratory
calibration, and
performing
Testing
Labs,
performing
internal
calibration or doing tests for the samples
Uncertainty of Measurement selection

Category 1:
Qualitative or semi-quantitative tests. (Ex. Go-no go kind of measurement, Tests that
are exposure or environmental simulation only., Tests where the result is numerically
rated by judgment: such as Tape Adhesion ASTM D3359, Tests where results are a
comparison from a reference plaque such as, Microstructure ASTM A247)
Category 2:
A test performed to well recognized test methods that specify limits to the values of
the major sources of uncertainty of measurement and specifies the form of
presentation of calculated results as defined in ISO/IEC 17025 Clause 5.4.6.2 Note 2.
(Ex. Tensile Properties of Plastics ASTM D638, Compression Properties of metals
ASTM E9, Tension Testing of Metals ASTM E8, Mooney Viscosity ASTM D1646)
Category 3:
Physical, chemical, environmental, or biological/microbiological test methods based
on published regulatory or consensus methods; such as APPHA, AOAC, ASTM, BS,
for which uncertainty is not defined in the method. For these types of test, uncertainty
may be estimated
Category 4:
Non-standard and laboratory-developed methods, (including modified standard
methods where the modification may affect the Uncertainty of Measurement) that
need identification of all components of uncertainty and detailed Uncertainty of
Measurement budgets calculated
10
When ?
Uncertainty of
Measurement
Any changes in the test set up like

instrument, calibration, human, primary
standard, change of testing area etc.
Normally instruments are calibrated once
in a year, so uncertainty is measured after 1
year.
11
ISO 17025 Requirements for Uncertainty, clause 5.4.6:

Estimation of uncertainty of measurement
5.4.6.1 A calibration laboratory, or a testing laboratory performing its
own calibrations, and apply a procedure to estimate the uncertainty of
measurement for all calibrations and types of calibrations.
5.4.6.2 Testing laboratories have to apply procedures for estimating
uncertainty of measurement.
In certain cases the nature of the test method may preclude rigorous,
metro logically and statistically valid, calculation of uncertainty of
measurement. In these cases the laboratory has to at least attempt to
identify all the components of uncertainty and make a reasonable
estimation, and ensure that the form of reporting of the result does not
give a wrong impression of the uncertainty.
Reasonable estimation is based on knowledge of the performance of the
method and on the measurement scope and make use of, for example,
previous experience and validation data.
12
5.4.6.3 When estimating the uncertainty of measurement, all
uncertainty components which are of importance in the given
situation, shall be taken into account using appropriate methods
of analysis.
Note: 1 Sources contributing to the uncertainty include, but are
not necessarily limited to,
1. Reference standards and reference materials used
2. Methods and equipment used
3. Environment conditions
4. Properties and the condition of the item
5.The operator.
Note: 2 The predicted long-term behavior of the tested and/or
calibrated item is not normally taken into account when
estimating the Uncertainty of Measurement.
13
Reporting MU:
The measured value of the nominal 50 mm gauge
block is 49.999 7.3 MICRON.
Always with a statement like this:

The reported expanded uncertainty of measurement
is stated as the standard uncertainty of measurement
multiplied by the coverage factor k = 2, which for a
normal distribution corresponds to a coverage
probability of approximately 95 %.
14
factors ?
Let us identify factors which will make
our measurements erroneous and
classify them
15
Why Uncertainty of Measurement

What are the influences (e.g.)?
Definition of the measure value (for example caliper reading)
Transportation, storage and handling of calibration items
Preparation of items for calibration
Environmental conditions
The personnel carrying out the calibration
Variations in the calibration procedure
The reference standard
Software and/or,
measurement
in
general,
methods
associated
16
with
the
Factor influencing the results

Output of Process
is normal Distribution
Traceability of reference standards
Calibration
Soaking of UUC
Reference standards
used for calibration
Calibration method
Temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure,
gravitational force
Resolution of UUC
17
Estimating Uncertainty
Summary of Some contributors to Uncertainty
Reference Standards & Measurement Equipment
Environmental Conditions
Measurement Setup
Measurement Object
Measurement Process
Software & Calculations
Definition of the Measurement Characteristic
Physical Constant & Conversion Factors
Metrologist Effects
18
Identify the contributors to Uncertainty
19
20
21
Software & Calculations; e.g..

Rounding
Algorithms
No. of signif. digits in calculat'n
Sampling
Filtering
Interpolation
Extrapolation
Outlier handling
22
D= 0.5 (Max + Min) ?

D= Mean of many
measurements?
D= Other? (e.g., Bullets
--> Max diameter?)
23
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors; e.g..

Uncertainty in knowledge of the
physical values used
Temperature coefficient
Power coefficient
Various properties of the working,

measuring instrument
Various properties of ambient air
Local force of gravity
24
Metrologist Effects; e.g..
Differences in judgements of different operators.

How would you integrate
shoulder peaks, below?
Measured V alue
Has System Stabilised?

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
Time of Measurement, Minutes
Note: This is an aberration that should be corrected before measurement.

25
Where do uncertainties come from?

The measuring instrument - instruments can suffer from
errors including bias, changes due to ageing, wear, or other
kinds of drift, poor readability, noise and many other
problems.
The item being measured - which may not be stable.
(concentration of unstable chemical due to light or heat)
The measurement process - the measurement itself may be
difficult to make. For example measuring the concentration
through automated instruments is more accurate than
human process.
Imported uncertainties - calibration of your instrument has
an uncertainty which is then built into the uncertainty of the
measurements you make.
(Continue...)
26
Where do uncertainties come from?

Operator skill - some measurements depend on the skill and
judgment of the operator. One person may be better than
another at the delicate work of setting up a measurement, or
at reading fine detail by eye. The use of an instrument such
as a stopwatch depends on the reaction time of the operator.
The environment - temperature, air pressure, humidity and

many other conditions can affect the measuring instrument or
the item being measured.
27
1.3 Normative References :

This programme is based primarily on the Guide to the expression
of uncertainty in measurement (1993) jointly prepared by BIPM,
IEC, ISO and OIML for definition of various terms and phrases.
One should refer to ISO 3534-I (1993) part I probability and
general statistical terms.
1.
Guidelines for estimation and statement of overall uncertainty in

measurement results, NABL 141,
2.
Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, International

Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) et. al., Switzerland, 1995. ISO guide 98-3
3.
ISO guide for inter Laboratory comparison for testing ISO guide
43-1 &
43-2
Expression of the uncertainty of measurement in calibration, European
Cooperation for Accreditation of laboratories
(EAL R-2), 1997
International standard ISO 3534 I, statistics vocabulary and
symbols Part I. Probability and general statistical terms, first edition,
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ,Switzerland ,1993.
4.
5.
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29
30
Dont get sucked in!

Estimate uncertainty only to the extent
that you need, dont make a science of it.
Accept that youll never be certain about
uncertainty.
Focus mostly on the biggies; dont
sweat the small stuff (much).
31
Reporting
Open Questions
Thank You!
32
Activity
Think of a situation at work where
measurement
of
calculations
produced uncertainty in your results,
and how did you solve the problem?
33
34

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ISO/IEC 17025

The word uncertainty means doubt, and thus in its

uncertainty (of measurement)

combined standard uncertainty

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Example Digital Caliper

What does this mean?

Example Error and UoM

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Uncertainty of Measurement selection

Any changes in the test set up like

ISO 17025 Requirements for Uncertainty, clause 5.4.6:

Always with a statement like this:

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Why Uncertainty of Measurement

Definition of the measure value (for example caliper reading)

Transportation, storage and handling of calibration items

Preparation of items for calibration

The personnel carrying out the calibration

Variations in the calibration procedure

The reference standard

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Factor influencing the results

Traceability of reference standards

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Software & Calculations; e.g..

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

D= 0.5 (Max + Min) ?

Physical Constants and Conversion Factors; e.g..

Various properties of the working,

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Differences in judgements of different operators.

Has System Stabilised?

Time of Measurement, Minutes

Note: This is an aberration that should be corrected before measurement.

Where do uncertainties come from?

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Where do uncertainties come from?

The environment - temperature, air pressure, humidity and

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

1.3 Normative References :

Guidelines for estimation and statement of overall uncertainty in

Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, International

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Dont get sucked in!

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

Copyrights 2008 @ I Global Manager Group | Revision 0.1 Feb 2009 |

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