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COMBINATION OF LOADI

NG FOR DESIGN
GRAVITY DAM

Dr.P.Sarath
ANU

Gravity dam design should be based on the m


ost adverse load combination A, B, C, D, E, F o
r G given below using the safety factors prescr
ibed.
Load Combination A (Construction Condition) Dam completed but no water in reservoir and n
o tailwater.
Load Combination B (Normal Operating Conditi
on) - Full reservoir elevation, normal dry weath
er tailwater, normal uplift; ice and silt (if applic
able).

Load Combination C (Flood Discharge Condition) - Reser


voir at maximum flood pool elevation, all gates open, tai
lwater at flood elevation, normal uplift, and silt (if applic
able ).
Load Combination D - Combination A, with earthquake.
Load Combination E - Combination B, with earthquake bu
t no ice.
Load Combination F - Combination C, but with extreme up
lift (drains inoperative).
Load Combination G - Combination E, but with extreme u
plift (drains inoperative).

Requirements for Stability


Following are the modes of failure of a gra
vity dam:
1. Overturning
2. Sliding
3. Compression or Crushing
4. Tension.

Therefore, the design shall satisfy the following


requirements of stability:
1. The dam shall be safe against sliding on any
plane or combination of planes within the da
m, at the foundation or within the foundation;
2. The dam shall be safe against overturning at
any plane within the dam, at the base, or at
any plane below the base; and
3. The safe unit stresses in the concrete or mas
onry of the dam or in the foundation material sh
all not be exceeded.

For consideration of stability the following assu


mptions are made:
1. That the dam is composed of individual transverse ve
rtical elements each of which carries its load to the fou
ndation without transfer of load from or to adjacent ele
ments.
(NOTE - However. in the stability analysis of a gravity d
am, it becomes frequently necessary to make an analys
is of the whole block, wherever special features of foun
dation and large openings so indicate); and
2. That the vertical stress varies linearly from upstream
face to downstream face on any horizontal section.

Elementary Profile of a
Gravity Dam
In the absence of any force other than the forc
es due to water, an elementary profile will be tr
iangular in section, having zero width at the w
ater level,
where water pressure is zero, and a maximum
base width b, where the maximum water press
ure acts.

Thus, the section of the elementary profile is of the sam


e shape as the hydrostatic pressure distribution diagra
m. For reservoir empty condition, a right angled triangul
ar profile as shown in Fig.,

This is so because the weight of the dam acts at


distance b/3 from the upstream face and is close
r to it. If any triangular profile,
other than the right angled one, is provided, its w
eight will act still closer to the upstream face to p
rovide a higher stabilizing force,
but tension will be developed at the toe when the
dam is empty.

We shall consider main three forces (weight of t


he dam, water pressure, and uplift pressure) act
ing on the elementary profile of a gravity dam vi
z.,
W = bHc/ 2,
PH = w H2/ 2,
Pu= CbHw /2
where C = uplift pressure intensity factor.

Base width of the elementary profile


The base width of the elementary profile can be f
ound under two criteria:
(1) No Tensile Stress Criterion,
(2) and (2) No Sliding Criterion.

Practical Profile of a Gravity Dam


The elementary profile of the gravity dam is only
a theoretical profile. However such a profile is n
ot possible in practice because of the provision
of
(i) top width or roadway at the top,
(ii) additional loads due to the roadway, and
(iii) freeboard.

Freeboard: Freeboard is the margin provided be


tween the top of dam and H.F.L. in the reservoir
to prevent the splashing of the waves over the n
on-overflow section.
It incidentally also takes care of any unforeseen
floods in the reservoir.
The freeboard adopted shall be one and a half ti
mes the corresponding wave height hw above n
ormal pool elevation or maximum reservoir level
, whichever gives the higher crest elevation for t
he dam.

The freeboard above maximum reservoir level s


hall, however, be in no case less than 0.9 m. Win
d velocities of 120 km/h over water in the case of
full pool condition and 80 km/h over water in cas
e of maximum reservoir condition are generally
assumed for calculation of wave heights.
However, modern practice is to provide a maxim
um free board equal to 3 to 4 % of the dam heigh
t, though free board equal to 5 % or more might
prove economical.

Limiting Height of a Gravity Dam


The only variable in the expression for the principal str
ess 1 at the toe is H. The maximum value of this princi
pal stress should not exceed the allowable stress per f
or the material ie 1 per. In the limiting case
1 = Hw (Sc C +1)= per

Hlim

Limit of low gravity dam

High Gravity zone

From which, the limiting height Hlim is given by


Hlim = per / w (Sc C +1)
For finding the limiting height Hlim, it is usual not
to consider the uplift. Hence, putting C = 0, we g
et,
Hlim = per / w (Sc+1)
If the height of the dam is more than Hlim, the max
imum compressive stress will exceed the permi
ssible stress and that condition is undesirable.

This equation for the limiting height defines the


distinction between a low and a high gravity da
m.
A low gravity dam is the one in which the height H
is less than Hlim so that maximum compressive
stress is not greater than the allowable stress.
For a concrete dam (Sc= 2.40 and per = 3.0 N/m
m2), the limiting height is about 88 m.

If higher grade concrete (per = 3.0 N/mm2) is us


ed then the limiting height would be more. If the
height of the dam to be constructed is more tha
n that Hlim , the dam is known as high gravity da
m.
For such a dam, the section will have to be give
n extra slopes to the upstream and downstream
sides, below the limiting height, to bring the co
mpressive stress within the permissible limits, a
s illustrated in Fig.

THANK YOU

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