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Topic 7:
macroeconomics
fifth edition
N. Gregory Mankiw
PowerPoint Slides
by Ron Cronovich
2002 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved
CHAPTER 4
slide 2
% per year
10
8
6
4
2
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
inflation rate
CHAPTER 4
slide 3
% per year
10
8
6
4
2
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
inflation rate
CHAPTER 4
1985
1990
1995
2000
slide 4
CHAPTER 4
slide 5
Money: definition
Money is the stock
of assets that can
be readily used to
make transactions.
CHAPTER 4
slide 6
Money: functions
1. medium of exchange
slide 7
Money: types
1. fiat money
has no intrinsic value
example: the paper currency we
use
2. commodity money
has intrinsic value
examples: gold coins,
CHAPTER 4
slide 8
Discussion Question
Which of these are money?
a. Currency
b. Checks
c. Deposits in checking accounts
(called demand deposits)
d. Credit cards
e. Certificates of deposit
(called time deposits)
CHAPTER 4
slide 9
CHAPTER 4
slide 10
In the U.S.,
the central
bank is
called the
Federal
Reserve
(the
Fed).
CHAPTER 4
slide 11
Currency
Amount (billions)_
$598.7
M1
C + demand deposits, 1174.0
travelers checks,
other checkable deposits
M2
M1 + small time deposits,
savings deposits,
money market mutual funds,
money market deposit accounts
5480.1
M3
M2 + large time deposits,
repurchase agreements,
institutional money market
mutual fund balances
8054.4
CHAPTER 4
slide 12
CHAPTER 4
slide 13
Velocity
basic concept: the rate at which money
circulates
example: In 2001,
$500 billion in transactions
money supply = $100 billion
The average dollar is used in five
transactions in 2001
So, velocity = 5
CHAPTER 4
slide 14
Velocity, cont.
This suggests the following definition:
T
V
M
where
V = velocity
T = value of all transactions
M = money supply
CHAPTER 4
slide 15
Velocity, cont.
Use nominal GDP as a proxy for total
transactions.
P Y
V
M
Then,
where
P
deflator)
Y
CHAPTER 4
slide 16
It is an identity:
it holds by definition of the variables.
CHAPTER 4
slide 17
CHAPTER 4
slide 18
(M/P )d = k Y
quantity equation: M V = P Y
The connection between them: k =
1/V
slide 19
V V
With this assumption, the quantity
equation can be written as
M V P Y
CHAPTER 4
slide 20
slide 21
M
V
P
Y
The quantity theory of money assumes
V
V is constant, so
= 0.
V
CHAPTER 4
slide 22
P
P
M
P Y
M
P
Y
preceding slide
was:
Solve this
result
for to get
CHAPTER 4
slide 23
CHAPTER 4
slide 24
slide 25
International data on
inflation and money growth
Inflation rate
10,000
(perc ent,
logarithmic
sc ale)
1,000
Democratic Repub
Nicaragua of Congo
Angola
Brazil
Georgia
100
Bulgaria
10
Germany
Kuwait
1
USA
Oman
0.1
0.1
CHAPTER 4
Japan
10
Canada
100
1,000
10,000
Money supply growth (perc ent, logarithmic
slide 26
U.S. data on
inflation and money growth
Inflation 8
rate
(perc ent)
6
1910s
1970s
1940s
1980s
4
1950s
1990s
2
0
1890s
1880s
1930s
1870s
1920s
-2
-4
1960s
1900s
CHAPTER 4
8
10
12
Growth in money supply (perc en
slide 27
Seigniorage
To spend more without raising taxes or
selling bonds, the govt can print money.
slide 28
CHAPTER 4
slide 29
i =r +
Chap 3: S = I determines r .
Hence, an increase in
causes an equal increase in i.
CHAPTER 4
slide 30
Nominal
interest rate
Inflation
rate
2
0
-2
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
CHAPTER 4
slide 31
100
Nominal
interest rate
(perc ent,
logarithmic
sc ale)
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Uruguay
Armenia
Italy
France
10
Nigeria
United Kingdom
United States
Japan
Germany
Singapore
CHAPTER 4
10
100
1000
Inflation rate (perc ent, logarithmic s
slide 32
Exercise:
Suppose V is constant, M is growing 5% per
year, Y is growing 2% per year, and r = 4.
a. Solve for i (the nominal interest rate).
b. If the Fed increases the money growth rate
by
2 percentage points per year, find i .
c. Suppose the growth rate of Y falls to 1% per
year.
What will happen to ?
What must the Fed do if it wishes to
keep constant?
CHAPTER 4
slide 33
Answers:
Suppose V is constant, M is growing 5% per
year, Y is growing 2% per year, and r = 4.
a. First, find = 5 2 = 3.
Then, find i = r + = 4 + 3 = 7.
b. i = 2, same as the increase in the
slide 34
CHAPTER 4
slide 35
CHAPTER 4
slide 36
positively on Y
higher Y more spending
so, need more money
slide 37
L(r , Y )
e
CHAPTER 4
slide 38
Equilibrium
M
e
L(r , Y )
P
The supply of
real money
balances
CHAPTER 4
Real money
demand
slide 39
adjusts to make S = I
P
make
CHAPTER 4
Y F (K , L )
adjusts to
M
L(i ,Y )
P
slide 40
How P responds to M
M
e
L(r , Y )
P
For given values of r, Y, and e,
a change in M causes P to change
by the same percentage --- just like
in the Quantity Theory of Money.
CHAPTER 4
slide 41
slide 42
How P responds to e
M
e
L(r , Y )
P
For given values of r, Y, and M ,
P to make M P fall
to re-establish eq'm
CHAPTER 4
slide 43
Discussion Question
CHAPTER 4
slide 44
A common misperception
Common misperception:
inflation reduces real wages
CHAPTER 4
slide 45
16
16
14
14
perhour
hour
$$per
12
12
66
44
Average
Average
hourly
hourly
earnings
earnings
22
200
200
175
175
150
150
125
125
10
10
88
250
250
225
225
Consumer
Consumer
Price
PriceIndex
Index
100
100
75
75
CPI(1983=100)
(1983=100)
CPI
18
18
50
50
25
25
00
00
1964
1964 1968
1968 1972
1972 1976
1976 1980
1980 1984
1984 1988
1988 1992
1992 1996
1996 2000
2000
CHAPTER 4
slide 46
So why, then, is
inflation a social
problem?
CHAPTER 4
slide 47
CHAPTER 4
slide 48
i
real money balances
slide 49
CHAPTER 4
slide 50
Example:
Suppose a firm issues new catalog each
January. As the general price level rises
throughout the year, the firms relative price
will fall.
slide 51
slide 52
CHAPTER 4
slide 53
slide 54
slide 55
Inflation
Inflationallows
allowsthe
thereal
realwages
wagesto
toreach
reach
equilibrium
equilibriumlevels
levelswithout
withoutnominal
nominalwage
wage
cuts.
cuts.
Therefore,
Therefore,moderate
moderateinflation
inflationimproves
improves
the
thefunctioning
functioningof
oflabor
labormarkets.
markets.
CHAPTER 4
slide 56
Hyperinflation
def: 50% per month
All the costs of moderate inflation described
above become
HUGE
under hyperinflation.
CHAPTER 4
slide 57
CHAPTER 4
slide 58
slide 59
slide 60
slide 62
Friendly quiz #3
Write answers to the following 4 questions on a
sheet of paper to hand in (each worth 1 point).
1) Your name and section day/time
Suppose V is constant, M is growing 4% per
year, Y is growing 2% per year, and r =
3.
2) Solve for the inflation rate.
3) Solve for i (the nominal interest rate).
4) If the Fed increases the money growth rate
by 1 percentage point per year, find i .
CHAPTER 4
slide 63
Answers:
Suppose V is constant, M is growing 4% per
year, Y is growing 2% per year, and r = 3.
2) = 4% 2% = 2%.
3) i = r + = 3% + 2% = 5% (0.05).
4) i = 1%, same as the increase in the
money growth rate.
CHAPTER 4
slide 64
Chapter summary
1. Quantity theory of money
2. Money demand
depends on income in the
Quantity Theory
more generally, it also depends
on the nominal interest rate;
CHAPTER 4
slide 65
Chapter summary
3. Nominal interest rate
4. Hyperinflation
CHAPTER 4
slide 66
Chapter summary
7. Classical dichotomy
In classical theory, money is neutral-does not affect real variables.
So, we can study how real variables are
determined w/o reference to nominal
ones.
Then, eqm in money market determines
price level and all nominal variables.
Most economists believe the economy
works this way in the long run.
CHAPTER 4
slide 67
CHAPTER 4
slide 68