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Colloids
Those dispersions in which size of
dispersed particle is within the range
10-9 (1nm) to about 10 -6m (1Um) are
termed as colloids.
BACTERIA
Bateria
Bacteria are smallest & simplest
microorganism having definite shape with
different nucleus and are capable of
performing vital functions of life.
(Prokaryotes).
Morphological Features:
Size:
Range from 0.2um to 5 um
In many species of bacteria, bacillus is as
long as 20um & as short as 0.5um.
they vary from 0.5-1.0um in diameter.
Bacterial Cells:
Shapes & Arrangements
Round Bacteria
Coccus
Staphylococcus
Diplococcus
Tetrad
Streptococcus
Sarcina
Rod-shaped Bacteria
Bacillus
Diplobacillus
Streptobacillus
Shapes of Bacteria
Coccus
Chain = Streptoccus
Cluster = Staphylococcus
Bacillus
Chain = Streptobacillus
Coccobacillus
Vibrio = curved
Spirillum
Spirochete
Square
Chapter 4
Baccilli:
They are rod shaped bacteria
.
Spirilla:
Bacterial Cells:
Capsules
2.
Cell Wall
3.
Plasma Membrane
4.
5.
Ribosomes
6.
Bacterial DNA
7.
Pili
8.
Flagella
9.
Spores
Capsules
Many species of bacteria (bacilli & cocci)
have a layer outside the cell wall which is
designated as
Microcapsule
Capsule
Loose slime according to their thickness,
composition & solubility.
Microcapsule:
It is relitively thin layer coposed of protein,
polysaccharides & lipids.
.
Capsules
It is thick viscous jelly like structure surrounding
the cell.
They are stained by ve staining.
Structure
Polysaccharide or polypeptide layer outside cell
wall
May be tightly or loosely bound
Detected by negative staining techniques
Capsules (cont.)
Functions :
It serve as buffer b/w cell and its external
environment.
They prevent the cell from dehydration.
They block attachment of bacteriophages.
They are involved in pathogenicity &
inhibit the engulfment of bacteria by WBC.
Cell Wall
Gram Staining
Method developed by Gram in 1888
Gram-positive cells stain purple
Gram-negative cells stain pink
Later, it was discovered that the major factor
determining Gram reactions is the bacterial
cell wall structure
Gram-positive & Gram-negative
These terms can mean either:
Staining results, or
Types of cell wall structure
Cell Wall
Peptidoglycan Structure
Composition
A Polysaccharide
Cell Wall
Gram-positive Cell Wall
Thick Layer of Highly Crosslinked
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic Acid Strands (Teichoic acids are
bacterial copolymers of glycerol phosphate
or ribitol phosphate and carbohydrates
linked via phosphodiester bonds.)
Cell Wall
Gram-negative Cell Walls
Outer Membrane
Lipopolysaccharide Layer
containing Lipid A
Phospholipid Layer
Cell Wall
Variations on Cell Wall Architecture
Acid-fast Cell Walls
Cell Wall
Variations on Cell Wall Architecture (cont.)
Mycoplasmas
Archaeobacteria
Plasma Membrane
Structure
Phospholipid Bilayer with Associated
Proteins
Functions
Maintain Cell Integrity
Regulate Transport
Specialized Functions in Bacteria
Cytoplasm &
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Composition:
Viscous aqueous suspension of proteins,
nucleic acid, dissolved organic compounds,
mineral salts
Cytoplasmic Inclusions:
Metachromatic Granules (Phosphate)
Starch Granules
Lipid Droplets
Sulfur Granules
Ribosomes
Suspended in Cytoplasm
Sites of Protein Synthesis
Pili
Pilli are morphologically distinct nonfilagella
apendages found particularly in Gram negetive
bacteria. They are 0.5-6um in length. No is 100400.
Chemistry:
They are compsed of protein pillin with
minimum molecular weight of about 17000.
Structure:
.
Function of Pilli:
one type called F-Pillus serve as a part of entry
of genetic material during bacterial conjugation
Other pilli play an important role in infection
by allowing the bacteria to attach to epithelial
cells of host.
Fimbriae:
They are sharp pilli. They help in attachment
to host cell.
Flagella
Function
Motility
Almost all motile bacteria are motile by
means of flagella
Motile vs. nonmotile bacteria
Structure
Filament
Composed of the protein flagellin
Hook & Rotor Assembly
Permits rotational "spinning" movement
Chemical Composition
Chemical composition of basal body is
unknown. Hook and filament are composed of
protein called Flagellin an elastic fibrous protein.
Origin of Flagella:
the fact that flagella arise from the cytoplasm
was indicated by observation that protoplast of
motile bacteria may still possess flagella. Their
origin is apparently a granule (Bleopheroplast)
within the plasma membrane.
Location and NO
Based on number & placement of flagella, bacteria
are divided into fillowing groups,
Monotrichous: having single flagella
e.g; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholrea
Lophotrichous: have group of two or more flagella at
one pole of the cell, e.g; pseudomonas fluorescens
Amphitrichous: have group of flagella at both ends,
e.g; Aquaspirillum serpens.
Peritrichous: whole covered with flagella
e.g; Salmonella typhi.
Flagella
Mechanism of Motility
Run and Tumble Movement
controlled by the direction of the flagellar
spin
Counter clockwise spin = Straight Run
Clockwise spin = Random Tumble
Flagella
Chemotaxis
Response to the concentration of chemical
attractants and repellants
As a bacterium approaches an attractant:
the lengths of the straight runs increase
As a bacterium approaches a repellant:
the lengths of the straight runs decrease
Bacterial Spore
These are highly resistant bodies produced within the cells of
certain G+ve bacteria. They are produced under unfavourable
conditions.
Types of Spores:
Various types of bacterial spores are
Terminal: e.g; C.terminale
Sub- Terminal: e.g, C.subterminale
Central: e.g; Bacillus aerus.
Occurrence
Produced by very few genera of bacteria
Major examples
Bacillus
Clostridium
Spores
Significance in Medicine & Industry
Spores are resistant to killing
Cannot be killed by 100C (boiling)
Requires heating to 120C for 15-20 min
(autoclaving or pressure cooking)
Spores
Sporulation
The process of spore formation
Governed by genetic mechanism
A copy of the bacterial chromosome is
surrounded by a thick, durable spore coat
This forms an endospore within a vegetative
cell
When the vegetative cell dies and ruptures,
the free spore is released
Spores
Spore Germination
When a spore encounters favorable growth
conditions
The spore coat ruptures and a new vegetative
cell is formed