Signals & Systems

Spring 2009

Instructor: Mian Shahzad Iqbal

UET TAXILA
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Today's lecture
The course
Course contents
Recommended books
Course structure
Assessments breakdown
Before we start
Introduction to signals and systems

The Course
Core course
First course in Telecommunication Engineering
A strong foundation for advanced courses
and research
What the course is about
Analysis and processing of information
System design for required processing

Mathematical & theoretical

Calculus, Linear Algebra, Differential

Expectations
Extensive and tough

Course contents
Introduction to Signals and Systems
Sinusoids
Spectrum Representation
Analysis of Periodic Waveforms
Sampling and Aliasing
Filters
Convolution
Frequency response
Fourier Series and Transforms
Continuous-time & Discrete-time Systems
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Books
Signal Processing First

Text

book
by
James H. McClellan, Ronald W. Schafer,
Mark A. Yoder
Signals & Systems (Second Edition)
Reference
book
by
Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky,
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S. Hamid Nawab

Assessments

Quizzes
Assignments
Sessionals
Matlab
Final Exam

10%
2%
36%
2%
50%

Signal
What is a signal
A description of how one parameter is
related to another parameter
Examples
The voltage varies with time

v
t

Signal
The Speech Signal

The ECG Signal

Signal
The image

Signal
The image

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Signal
It is the variation pattern that conveys the
information, in a signal

Signal may exist in many forms like acoustic,

image, video, electrical, heat & light signal

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System
An entity that responds to a signal

input

syste
m

output

Examples
Circuit

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System
The camera

Image

The Speech Recognition System

Identified

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System
The audio CD-player

Block Diagram representation of a system

Visual representation of a system
Input Signal

system

Output Signal

Shows inter-relations of many signals

involved in the implementation of a complex
system

Look at everything around and try to

identify the signals and systems !!

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Mathematical Representation
A signal can be represented as a function of one
or more independent variables
Examples

t
v t sin t

0 t 2

s t

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Mathematical Representation
The image is a function of two spatial variables

s x, y
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Continuous-time signals
A value of signal exists at every instant of time

t
Independent variable

t
Independent variable
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Discrete-time signals
The value of signal exists only at equally
spaced discrete points in time

t
Independent variable

t
Independent variable
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Discrete-time signals
Why to discretize
How to discretize
How closely spaced are the samples

Distinction between discrete & digital

signals
How to denote discrete signals
Is the image a discrete or continuous signal
The image is generally considered to be a
continuous variable
Sampling can however be used to obtain a
discrete, two dimensional signal (sampled
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image)

Notation
A continuous-time signal is represented by
enclosing the independent variable (time)
in parentheses () x t

t
A discrete-time signal is represented by
enclosing the independent variable (index)
x n
in square brackets []

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