Concept of Elections May 10, 2010

COMMISSION ON
ELECTIONS
2010 Presidential Elections

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE Personnel Department
Outline of Presentation
SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS
ELECTION STAKEHOLDERS
ELECTORAL PROCESS
IDEAL ELECTIONS
SAD REALITY OF PHILIPPINE
ELECTIONS
BALLOT BOXES
ELECTIONS IN MALAYSIA
RECAP

Relevant Quotes
“We lose ourselves when we compromise the very ideals that
we fight to defend. And we honor those ideals by upholding
them not when it’s easy, but when it is hard.” (President
Barack Obama’s acceptance speech of Nobel Peace Prize)
“The automation law is more than just an automation law. It is

a commitment to respecting the right of our people to
choose those who will lead them. It is the launching pad for a
renewed sense of unity among our countrymen through the
assurance that the process through which they choose their
leaders is clean, free and credible.” (Editorial)

SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
Why hold Elections?
USA holds elections
Russia holds elections
China holds elections
Afghanistan holds elections
The CBCP holds elections
The National Press Club holds elections
The Rotary Club holds elections
Even the PTA holds elections
SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
Why hold Elections?


Election is the widely-accepted method of:
üselecting and retaining leaders
üchanging and removing leaders
Election provides for smooth transition of

leadership.
Election legitimizes leaders, governments,
and organizations.
SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
Why
 hold Elections?

Election is the bedrock/ foundation of a
democratic and republican state like the
Philippines.
Election gives the voters a direct
participation in the affairs of their
government:
Øselecting public officials
Ødeciding some questions of public interest

SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
Nature of Suffrage :
right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote in the election
of certain national and local officers of the government and
in the decision of public questions submitted to the people
not a natural right of the citizens but merely a privilege given or

withheld by the lawmaking power subject to constitutional
limitations
main object of suffrage is the continuity of government and the

preservation and perpetuation of its benefits

SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
 Includes:
Election – choice or selection of candidates
to public office by popular vote

Plebiscite – refers to the voting to determine
whether voters in the country are in favor
or against the ratification of the
constitution or an amendment thereto


SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
 Includes:

Referendum – submission of a law passed by the

national or local legislative body to the registered
voters at an election called for the purpose for
their ratification or rejection
Initiative – process whereby the registered voters

directly propose, enact, or amend law, national or
local, through an election called for the purpose

SUFFRAGE/ELECTIONS
 Includes:

Recall - a method by which a public officer

may be removed from office during his
tenure or before the expiration of his term
by a vote of the people after registration of
a petition signed by a required percentage
of the qualified voters


ELECTION STAKE HOLDERS
GOOD GOVERNANCE
VOTERS
HOPE
COMMUNITY GOVERNMENT 2010
Ø
q
CIVIL
q
SOCIETY CANDIDATES
Ø
Ø
Ø
DEPUTIES
Ø
Ø SUPPORTERS
COMELEC PERSONNEL
Ø
q
ELECTORAL PROCESSES
Registration of Voters Filing

Filing of
of Certificates
Certificates of
of Campaigning
Campaigning
Candidacy
Candidacy
vERBs
vVoter Registrants vQualifications/
vCreation of Precincts Disqualifications of
vTransfer/Merger of candidates vFebruary 9- May 8, 2010
Precincts (National)
vInclusion/Exclusion of vPetitions for
Voters Disqualification
vDeactivation/ vMarch 26- May 8, 2010
Activation of Voters (Local)
v
vNuisance Candidates

ELECTORAL PROCESSES
Casting
Casting of
of Votes
Votes Counting
Counting of
of Votes
Votes Canvass of
Votes/Election
Returns
v7 am – 6 pm vCBOC/MBOC
vvoting after 6pm vAutomated Counting v
vBallots and PCOS at Precinct using PCOS vPBOC
2010 PRESIDENTIAL
vBEIs ELECTIONS v
vWatchers vElectronic transmitting of vNBOC(COMELEC)
vDeputies results v
vNBOC(CONGRESS)

ELECTORAL PROCESSES
Proclamation
Proclamation of
of Winning
Winning
Candidates
Candidates
Certificates of Canvass
and Proclamation
vCBOC/NBOC(City/Mun.)
v
vPBOC(Provincial official &
Members of Congress)
v
vNBOC/comelec(Senators
& party-list representatives)
v
vNBOC/congress(President &
Vice-President)

COMELEC
AUTOMATING THE 2010

ELECTIONS
.. A CENTURY OF ELECTIONS
MAY 2007
SUN MAYMON 2004
SUN MAY
TUE
MON 2002
MAY 10, 2010
TUE
WED THU
WED THU
FRI SAT
FRI1 SAT
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
2 3 SUN 4 MAY MON5 1998
TUE6 WED7 THU8 FRI SAT
1
11SUN MAY
5 1995
9 10 12MON 13 TUE6 14
WED 15
2 3 4 7 THU8 FRI1 SAT
16 17 2 18 3 SUN 19 4 MON20 5 TUE21 6 WED22 7 THU 8 FRI
9 10 11 MAY 12 1992
13 14 15 SAT
1 1
23 24 9 25 10 26 11 27 12 28 13 29 14 15
30
16
31 16
17
2
18 SUN
3 MAY
19 MON
4 1988
20 TUE
5
21 WED
6
22 THU
7 8FRI 1 SAT
23 24 17
252 18
26 19
274 20
285 21
29 22
9 10 3SUN 11MAY 12 1987
MON 13 6WED
TUE 14 7THU
15 8FRI
1 SAT
2 30 2331 3 24 25 4 26 27 5 28 29 6 7 8
16 9 17 10 18 1119 12 20 13 14 15
30 31 2 3SUNMAY 5TUE 21
4MON 1985 6WED 227THU 8FRI 1 SAT
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24
9 2 25
10 3 26
11 MON4 27
12 TUE5 28
13 WED629
14 THU7 15 FRI
8
30
23
31
24
SUN
25 198026 27 28 29 1 SAT
9 16 91117 10 18 1112 19 1220 1321 13 1422 15 14 15
10
30 31 2 3SUN 4MON 5TUE 6WED 7THU 8FRI 1 SAT
23 16 24 1930
17 25 1826 1927 2028 2129 22
9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8
30 23 31
16
24 25
1910
SUN 26
MON 27 TUE 28
WED 29
9 17 10 18 11 19 12 20 13 21 14 22 15
THU FRI1 SAT
16 17 18
30 31 2 193 4 205 21
7THU 8FRI 1 22
16 24 17 25 SUN18 MON 19 TUE20 6 WED21 SAT
23 26 27 28 29 22
9 2 10 3 11 4 12 5 13 6 14 7 15 8
30 23 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 1
30 16 9
31262 17 10 18 11 19 12 20 13 21 14 22 15
23 24 25 3 274 5 286 7 29
8
23 16 24 17 25 18 26 19 27 20 28 21 29 22
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
30 23 31 24 25 26 27 28 29
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
30 31 30 31
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
From writing…. To shading…..

From manual.…. To automated counting…..

From physical transporting of results….

A B
nt Majority/ Minority Parties,
Comelec Citizens
CentralArm, KBP Server
Back-up
Advance Results Advance Results/
Monitoring
Secured Public Website
To Electronic transmission
17,888 positions, excluding party-list
Elective positions
1 - President
1 - Vice-president
12 - Senators
80 - Governors
80 - Vice-Governors
222 - Representatives
762 - Sangguniang Panlalawigan Members
120 - City Mayors
120 - City Vice-Mayors
1,514 - Municipal Mayors
1,514 - Municipal Vice-Mayors
12,116 – Sangguniang Bayan Members
Pre-printed names
of candidates
300/600 candidates
official ballots
can be
accommodated
v150/300 names
per side of
ballot
Precinct-specific
vEnsure rejection
of previously
scanned
ballot

Ovals opposite Shade oval
names of candidate opposite name of
 chosen candidate
Official Ballots

(precinct count optical One unit per clustered precinct
Voter personally feeds ballot into
machine
Ballot can be fed in any orientation
Ballot scanned both sides
simultaneously
Digital ballot image
pcos
scan)

counting machine
pcos (precinct count
optical scan)
ballot box

… ballots get dropped into the ballot box thru this chute …
… digital photograph of ballots taken …

optical scan)
Ballots go in here …

… and there they are. :)

optical scan)

8 areas
2 for NCR
2 each (1 urban/1 rural)
Ø Luzon
field test/s
Ø Visayas
Ø Mindanao
To test system and transmission in the
same environment/conditions as on
election day
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE 2010 Presidential Elections

Personnel Department
TESTING & SEALING
PROCEDURES
at least three days before election day
Public shall accomplish test ballots
Ballots shall be manually counted and election

returns accomplished
Same set of ballots that was manually counted

shall be fed into the counting machine
Manual count shall be compared with the print-out

of the election returns
○
TESTING & SEALING
PROCEDURES
at least three days before election day
If public is satisfied that the manual count is the same as the
automated count, the print-out and manually prepared election
returns shall be signed-off by the witnesses
Machines shall be sealed without any connection to transmission

links
Public shall be allowed to secure the polling places where the

counting machines are installed
The only time that the counting machines shall be opened is on

election day in the presence of watchers

voting
Voting period
7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

v Unless there are voters waiting for their turn
to vote
vPoll Clerk lists down names voters
queuing
vPoll Clerk calls voter to cast ballot
vVoter who fails to appear after being
called twice shall not longer be
allowed to vote
v
Precinct set up
v At least 10 voters can cast ballot at any one
time
voting
Before voting starts
Show that ballot box is
empty
Ø Transparent
plastic
Ø
Turn on and initialize
PCOS
Print “Zero Report”

Ø To show that
there is no
entry/vote
in
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A machine’s
CONTINUING CHALLENGE
memory
counting
At close of polls
Perform close function
Ø To prevent
additional
ballots from
being
inserted
Ø
After close function,
PCOS automatically
Ø Starts counting
process
Ø Prints election
returns after
completion of
automated
count
§ Eight (8)
copies
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE
counting
Insert transmission cable
After printing first eight (8) copies of ER
Ø To eliminate doubts that the PCOS can be
manipulated remotely
Ø
Perform electronic transmission function
Print additional twenty-two (22) copies of

ER
Automatically performed by PCOS after
completion of transmission

canvassing/consolidation
Electronically-transmitted results
Used as basis for canvassing/consolidation and

proclamation of winning candidates for
Ø City/municipal offices
Ø Provincial offices
Ø Members, House of Representatives
Ø Senators and Party-list
Ø
Congress will also receive electronically-transmitted results
Ø Constitution authorizes the Congress to promulgate
rules for canvassing of results for President and Vice-
President

Congress COMELEC
National Board of Canvassers Manual System
Physically transported of Canvassing
Prov. COC
Provincial Board of Canvassers

SOVM/C
Physically transported
Mun./City COC
Municipal/City Board of Canvassers

SOVP
Election Returns
Precinct
Congress COMELEC
National Board of Canvassers Electronic
Physically transported Transmission
A B
Prov. COC
Provincial Board of Canvassers

SOVM/C B
Comelec Central Back-up Server
Advance Results/
Physically transported Monitoring
A B
Secured Public Websi
Mun./City COC
Municipal/City Board of Canvassers

SOVP
A
Server for Dominant
Majority/ Minority Parties, C
Advance Results
Election Returns
Precinct
security
Security measures under a manual
election system still applicable
Strengthen security through

automation
Ø Password
Ø PIN
Ø Digital signatures
Ø Encryption

 
security (128-bit
128
Ø 2
2 9 2 = 16 2 =
○ = 4 2 512 65,536
encryption)
3
○ = 8 10 2
2 =
17
2 =
4
○ = 16 11
2 1024 18 131,072
5 ○ = 32 12 2
2 = 19 2 =
6 ○ 2048 262,144
= 642 13 20
2 = 2 =
7 ○ 2
= 128 14 4096 21 524,288
8 ○ 2
= 256 15 2 = 22 2 =
8192 1,048,576
2 = 2 =
16,384 2,097,152
2 = 2 =
32,768 4,194,304
Personnel Department
 
security (128-bit
23 2 = 30 2 =
8,388,608 1,073,741,824
31
encryption)
24
2 = 2 =
25 16,777,216 32 2,147,483,648
26 2 = 33 2 =
33,554,432 34
4,294,967,296
27
2 = 2 =
28
67,108,864
35 8,569,934,592
36 2 =
29 2 =
134,217,728 17,179,869,184
2 = 2 =
268,435,456 34,359,738,368
2 = 2 =
536,870,912 CHALLENGE 68,719,476,736
PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING Personnel Department

2 = 137,438,953,472
security (128-bit
37
38
2 = 274,877,906,944
2 = 549,755,813,888
39
2 = over One Trillion
encryption)
40 combinations
2128 = 340 undecillion, 282
decillion, 366 nonillion, 920
octillion, 938 septillion, 463
sextillion, 463 quintillion,
374 quadrillion, 607 trillion,
431 billion, 768 million, 211
thousand and 456
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,2

128-bit encryption
Ø Same security system used by banks
security
Ø
Random Encryption
Ø Temperature of machine
Ø Voltage
Ø Unique machine identity
Ø User identity
Ø
No single/master decryption code

Time needed to decrypt one precinct
result will be same amount of time
needed to decrypt next precinct result
Transmission takes at most 2 minutes

security
Copies for distribution

Ø 30 copies of election returns at the
precinct level
Ø 30 copies of certificate of canvass at
municipal level
Ø 14 copies of certificate of canvass at
provincial level

securit
Audit Log
Activities
Time
y
Date

security Paper Ballot
Ballot digital image
Data storage device
Transmitted results
Hard copies of election results

Continuity/Contingenc
Types of Systems Breakdown
Ø Fails to scan
Ø
Ø Able to scan but fails to print ER
Ø
Ø Able to print ER but fails to transmit
Ø
Ø Able to transmit but fails to consolidate
Plan

Fails to scan
continuity plan Use spare PCOS
Use PCOS of another precinct

Ø Wait for other PCOS to complete
process in its precinct
Ø Get PCOS and reconfigure for next
precinct
Ø Scan ballots
Ø
If all PCOS fail
Ø Manual counting

Able to scan but fails to print ER
continuity plan Use spare PCOS
Use PCOS of another precinct

Ø Wait for other PCOS to complete
process in its precinct
Ø Get PCOS and reconfigure for next
precinct
Ø Use removable storage device of
defective PCOS and let
replacement PCOS print ER
Ø
If all PCOS fail
Ø Manual counting
 2010 Presidential Elections
Able to print ER but fails to transmit
continuity plan
Go to nearest precinct or polling center which has a

functioning transmission facility
Use removable storage device of defective PCOS and let

the functioning facility transmit precinct results
If all transmission facilities bog down

Ø Physically transport PCOS & removable storage
device to canvassing site
§ In the presence of watchers and security escorts

Able to transmit but fails to consolidate
continuity plan
Use consolidation/canvassing system (CCS) of another
municipality/province
Use the removable storage device and let functioning CCS

consolidate the results
Provide back-up canvassing through the Central Server

Ø Print results and send the same to affected
board of canvassers
Ø Print results and constitute special board of
canvassers to take the place of the affected
board

People Systems & Procedures
ØMisreading of ballots
Common election
Ø Vote-buying Ø
Ø ØUnreadable handwriting
Ø Coercion Ø
Ø ØError
Ø Intimidation üHonest
Ø üDeliberate
Ø Terrorism ü
problems
ØFraud
Ø
ØManufactured election
returns
Ø
ØTampering of election
results
Strict compliance with election laws
implementation
Vigilance of citizenry
Cooperation
successful
Coordination
Support

“Always vote for principle, although
you vote alone, and you may cherish
the sweet reflection that your vote is
never lost.”
Pres. John Quincy Adams
“Integrity without knowledge is weak

and useless, and knowledge without
integrity is dangerous and dreadful.”
Samuel Johnson

Indicators of successful elections
voters vote freely, without threats and intimidation
voters vote freely, according to their conscience
votes are neither bought nor sold
votes are counted correctly and speedily
candidates, their watchers and leaders obey the laws
COMELEC people do their work with utmost impartiality
COMELEC Deputies (PNP, AFP, Treasurers, Teachers) perform

their work with utmost impartiality
the people are vigilant in watching and reporting violators of election

laws
violators of election laws are seriously prosecuted without favor

Sad reality and challenge in
Philippine Elections
People think that holding elective positions is a

shortcut to power and wealth.
Candidates want to win at all cost.
Losing candidates cannot/do not accept defeat
graciously.
•

WHEN CAN WE ALL BE TRUSTFUL?

WHEN CAN WE ALL BE TRUSTWORTHY?

CAN WE NOT CHANGE?

Elections in Malaysia
If they can do it,

why can’t we?





How about us,
Filipinos?

CAN WE NOT CHANGE?

Of course, CHANGE, we
must!
… to have a strong
vibrant and lasting
democratic society.

“Organizations will only change
when the people in them change,
and people will only change when
they accept in their hearts and
minds that change must occur.”
John Harvey-Jones

DO WE REALLY NEED
ELECTIONS?

Of course, ELECTIONS we
must have!
To strengthen and maintain our democratic
To strengthen and maintain our democratic
government and institutions
To effect the needed changes and reforms in

governance
To uphold and strengthen the sovereign power of

the Filipino electorate
To show and prove to the family of nations that

the Philippines is a country where freedom and
democracy hold supreme

The road to HONEST, ORDERLY,
PEACEFUL ELECTIONS in our
country is a continuing
CHALLENGE …..
candidates and supporters are ready to kill and be killed
just to win
election laws are glaringly violated with impunity
political alliances are made primarily for personal glory
candidates are elected not on competence and integrity

but on popularity

A challenge …… WE NEED…..
well-informed Filipino voters who will elect leaders with
integrity, commitment and competence
leaders who lead by example and prepared to put the

national interest above self
political and electoral institutions courageous and

competent to provide the needed support
a government committed to empower and uphold the

welfare of the governed over its perpetuation and
survival

A challenge….
“The strength of the

CHAIN is determined
by its WEAKEST LINK”

ARE YOU THE
WEAKEST LINK?

Mabuhay ang COMELEC !!!
Mabuhay ang Pilipinas !!!

Concept of Elections May 10, 2010

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Concept of Elections May 10, 2010

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COMMISSION ON

2010 Presidential Elections

“The automation law is more than just an automation law. It is

2010 Presidential Elections

Election provides for smooth transition of

2010 Presidential Elections

not a natural right of the citizens but merely a privilege given or

main object of suffrage is the continuity of government and the

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

Referendum – submission of a law passed by the

Initiative – process whereby the registered voters

2010 Presidential Elections

Recall - a method by which a public officer

2010 Presidential Elections

Registration of Voters Filing

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

AUTOMATING THE 2010

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

Secured Public Website

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

… digital photograph of ballots taken …

2010 Presidential Elections

… and there they are. :)

2010 Presidential Elections

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE 2010 Presidential Elections

Ballots shall be manually counted and election

Same set of ballots that was manually counted

Manual count shall be compared with the print-out

Machines shall be sealed without any connection to transmission

Public shall be allowed to secure the polling places where the

The only time that the counting machines shall be opened is on

2010 Presidential Elections

7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

Print “Zero Report”

Print additional twenty-two (22) copies of

Used as basis for canvassing/consolidation and

2010 Presidential Elections

Provincial Board of Canvassers

Municipal/City Board of Canvassers

Provincial Board of Canvassers

Municipal/City Board of Canvassers

Strengthen security through

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

Transmission takes at most 2 minutes

Copies for distribution

2010 Presidential Elections

PHILIPPINE ELECTIONS: A CONTINUING CHALLENGE

Ballot digital image

Data storage device

Hard copies of election results

2010 Presidential Elections

2010 Presidential Elections

Use PCOS of another precinct

2010 Presidential Elections