University of Engineering and

Technology Taxila
Mechanical Engineering Department
Lecture No: 02
Course Title: Measurement and Instrumentation
(ME-314)
Tutor: Khalid Masood Khan

Consider the effects of noise and

interference on the signal:
Noise adds to scatter of signal while
interference imposes a trend onto
signal
False trends in data set lead to
misinterpretation of measured data
Interference is minimized by

Noise
An extraneous effect (a variable)
that imposes
random variations on the measured
signal
A completely controlled variable
eliminates
noise. [control is a means to set and
maintain
a value during a test]
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continued
Examples:
Random variations in
environmental
conditions
Johnson noise (thermal noise)
due to
electronic motions within wiring

Interference
An extraneous effect that imposes
deterministic trend on the
measured signal
Examples:
Deterministic variations in
environmental conditions
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Repetition
It is a measurement strategy.
Repeated measurements on a single
batch
(say, of manufactured goods) are
called
repetitions. Purpose is to determine
variation
in the measured variable as it
occurs in one

Replication
It is a measurement strategy.
It is an independent duplication
of a set
of measurements using similar
operating
conditions. Determines variation
in the
measured variable as it occurs
between
different tests each held under

Calibration
A relationship between the standard
and the
readout scale of each measuring
system must
be established.
Dimension is a physical quantity (an
attribute,
an aspect, a characteristic chosen as
the
measurand) measured in terms of a
unit.

 The standard defines units to

measure the
quantities (dimensions) such as
length,
temperature, time, etc
Current standard, known as the
Systeme
International de Unites (SI), was
adopted
in 1960 by the General Conference
on
Weights and Measures
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 Calibration is the act/process of

applying a
known input to the measurement
system
to observe the system output
Calibration establishes the
relationship
between the input information, as
acquired by the sensor, and the
system

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continued
In a calibration, the input value
should be
a controlled independent variable,
whereas
the measured output value
becomes the
dependent variable of the
calibration
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13

Static Calibration
In static calibration, the values
of the
variables involved remain
constant
There is no change with time.
Only the
magnitudes of known input and
the

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 By plotting observed system

output for
a number of known inputs, a
calibration
curve is obtained.
The system indicated output
can then
be adjusted by using this
calibration
curve.

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 The static calibration curve

describes
the static input-output
relationship
for a measurement system and
forms
the logic by which the indicated
output
can be interpreted during an
actual
measurement
Calibration curve is the basis for

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continued
A calibration curve can be used as
part of
developing a functional relationship,
an
equation known as a correlation,
between
input and output. Correlation is
obtained by
applying physical reasoning and
curve-fitting
techniques to the calibration curve.

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Dynamic Calibration
A dynamic calibration determines the
relationship between an input of
known behavior and the
measurement system output. The
measurand in this case is time
dependent.
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Static Sensitivity
Static sensitivity of a
measurement system is the
slope of the curve, i.e.

Continue
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continued
Since static curve can be linear or
nonlinear
depending on the measurement
system and on
the measurand, K may or may not be
constant
over a range of values.
Static sensitivity is a measure relating
the
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Range
It is the limit of input values from
minimum
to maximum for which the
measurement
system is to be used.
The input span of the system
operating
range, therefore, is
Continue
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continued
The output operating range is the
limit of
output values from minimum to
maximum
The output span or full-scale
operating
range (FSO) is
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Accuracy
The accuracy of a measurement
system refers
to its ability to indicate a true value
exactly.
The inaccuracy is the absolute error
defined as
Continue

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 continued
which gives the percentage accuracy as

Accuracy can be determined only

when the
true value is known, i.e., during a
calibration
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25

Deviation Plot
A deviation plot is the calibration
curve in which the difference or
deviation between the true (or
expected) value, y, and the indicated
value, y, is plotted against the
indicated value.
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