Java Servlets

Java Servlets
What Are Servlets?
Basically, a java program that runs

on the server
Creates dynamic web pages
What Do They Do?
Handle data/requests sent by users

(clients)
Create and format results
Send results back to user
Who Uses Servlets?
Servlets are useful in many business

oriented websites
and MANY others
History
Dynamic websites were often created

with CGI
CGI: Common Gateway Interface
Poor solution to todays needs
A better solution was needed
Servlets vs. CGI
Servlet Advantages
Efficient
Convenient
Can talk directly to the web server

Share data with other servlets
Maintain data from request to request
Portable
Many programmers today already know java
Powerful
Single lightweight java thread handles multiple requests

Optimizations such as computation caching and keeping
connections to databases open
Java is supported by every major web browser (through

plugins)
Inexpensive
Adding servlet support to a server is cheap or free
Servlets vs. CGI
CGI Advantages
CGI scripts can be written in any

language
Does not depend on servlet-enabled
server
What Servlets Need
JavaServer Web Development Kit

(JSWDK)
Servlet capable server
Java Server Pages (JSP)
Servlet code
Java Server Web Development

Kit
JSWDK
Small, stand-alone server for testing

servlets and JSP pages
The J2EE SDK
Includes Java Servlets 2.4
Servlet capable server

Apache
Popular, open-source server
Tomcat
A servlet container used with Apache
Other servers are available
Java Server Pages
Lets you mix regular, static HTML pages

with dynamically-generated HTML
Does not extend functionality of Servlets
Allows you to separate look of the site
from the dynamic content
Webpage designers create the HTML

Servlet programmers create the dynamic
content
Changes in HTML dont effect servlets
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%
// jsp sample code
out.println(" JSP, ASP, CF, PHP - you name it, we support it!");
%>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<b>
JSP, ASP, CF, PHP - you name it, we support it!
</b>
</body>
</html>
</font>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%
// jsp sample code
%>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<b>
</b>
</body>
</html>
</font>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%
// jsp sample code
%>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<b>
</b>
</body>
</html>
</font>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<%
// jsp sample code
%>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<b>
</b>
</body>
</html>
</font>
Servlet Code
Written in standard Java

Implement the javax.servlet.Servlet
interface
package servlet_tutorials.PhoneBook;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.net.*;
public class SearchPhoneBookServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String query = null;
String where = null;
String firstname = null;
String lastname = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
res.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = res.getWriter();
// check which if any fields in the submitted form are empty
if (req.getParameter("FirstName").length() > 0)
firstname = req.getParameter("FirstName");
else firstname = null;
}
Main Concepts of Servlet

Programming
Life Cycle
Client Interaction
Saving State
Servlet Communication
Calling Servlets
Request Attributes and Resources
Multithreading
Life Cycle
Initialize
Service
Destroy
Life Cycle: Initialize
Servlet is created when servlet

container receives a request from the
client
Init() method is called only once
Life Cycle: Service
Any requests will be forwarded to the

service() method
doGet()
doPost()
doDelete()
doOptions()
doPut()
doTrace()
Life Cycle: Destroy
destroy() method is called only once

Occurs when
Application is stopped
Servlet container shuts down
Allows resources to be freed
Client Interaction
Request
Client (browser) sends a request containing
Request line (method type, URL, protocol)

Header variables (optional)
Message body (optional)
Response
Sent by server to client
response line (server protocol and status code)

header variables (server and response information)
message body (response, such as HTML)
Thin clients (minimize download)

Java all server side
Servlets
Client
Server
Saving State
Session Tracking
A mechanism that servlets use to

maintain state about a series of
requests from the same user (browser)
across some period of time.
Cookies
A mechanism that a servlet uses to have

clients hold a small amount of stateinformation associated with the user.
Servlet Communication
To satisfy client requests, servlets

sometimes need to access network
resources: other servlets, HTML
pages, objects shared among
servlets at the same server, and so
on.
Calling Servlets
Typing a servlet URL into a browser

window
Servlets can be called directly by typing

their URL into a browser's location window.
Calling a servlet from within an HTML

page
Servlet URLs can be used in HTML tags,

where a URL for a CGI-bin script or file URL
might be found.
Request Attributes and

Resources
Request Attributes
getAttribute
getAttributeNames
setAttribute
Request Resources - gives you

access to external resources
getResource
getResourceAsStream
Multithreading
Concurrent requests for a servlet are handled

by separate threads executing the
corresponding request processing method
(e.g. doGet or doPost). It's therefore important
that these methods are thread safe.
The easiest way to guarantee that the code is
thread safe is to avoid instance variables
altogether and instead use synchronized
blocks.
Simple Counter Example
import java.io.*;
public class SimpleCounter extends HttpServlet {

int count = 0;
res.setContentType("text/plain");
count++;
out.println("This servlet has been accessed " + count + " times
since loading");
}
}
MultiThread Problems
Problem - Synchronization between threads

count++; // by thread1
count++; // by thread2
out.println.. // by thread1
out.println.. // by thread2
Two Requests will

get the same
value of counter
Solution - Use Synchronized Block!
Synchronized Block
Lock(Monitor)
Better Approach
The approach would be to synchronize only the

section of code that needs to be executed
automically:
synchronized(this)
{
count++;
out.println("This servlet has been accessed " +
count + "times since loading");
}
This reduces the amount of time the servlet
spends in its synchronized block, and still
maintains a consistent count.
Example: On-line Phone

Book
Design

Book
Search Form
Java server Page

Search_phone_book.jsp
<html>
<head>
<title>Search Phonebook</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <p><b>
Search Company Phone Book</b></p>
<form name="form1" method="get"
action="servlet/servlet_tutorials.PhoneBook.SearchPhoneBookServl
et">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6"> <tr> <td >Search
by</td> <td>
</td> </tr> <tr> <td><b>
First Name
</b></td> <td>
<input type="text" name="FirstName"> AND/OR</td> </tr> <tr> <td
><b>
Last Name
</b></td> <td >
<input type="text" name="LastName"></td> </tr> <tr> <td ></td> <td
>
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Submit">
</td> </tr> </table>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Book
Display Results
Java Server Page

Display_search_results.jsp
<html>
<%@page import ="java.sql.*" %>
<jsp:useBean id="phone" class="servlet_tutorials.PhoneBook.PhoneBookBean"/>
<%@ page buffer=35 %>
<%@ page errorPage="error.jsp" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Phone Book Search Results</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> </head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <b>Search Results</b> <p>
<% String q = request.getParameter("query");
ResultSet rs = phone.getResultSet(q);
%>
<% if (rs.wasNull()) {
%>
"NO RESULTS FOUND"
<%
} else
%>
<table> <tr> <td> <div align="center">First Name</b></div> </td> <td> <div
align="center">Last Name</font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center">Phone
Number</font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center">Email</font></b></div> </td>
</tr>
<% while(rs.next()) { %> <tr> <td>
<%= rs.getString("first_name") %></td>
%></td> <td><%=
<td><%= rs.getString("last_name") %></td>
%></td>
<td><%=
<td><%= rs.getString("phone_number") %>
</td> <td>
<%= rs.getString("e_mail") %>
%>
</td> </tr>
<% } %>
</table>
Servlet
Listing 2 SearchPhoneBookServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.net.*;
public class SearchPhoneBookServlet extends HttpServlet {
String query = null;
String where = null;
String firstname = null;
String lastname = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
res.setContentType("text/html");
// check which if any fields in the submitted form are empty
if (req.getParameter("FirstName").length() > 0)
firstname = req.getParameter("FirstName");
else firstname = null;
if (req.getParameter("LastName").length() > 0)
lastname = req.getParameter("LastName");
else lastname = null;
// Build sql query string
if ((firstname != null) && (lastname != null)){
where = "first_name ='";
where += firstname;
where += "' AND ";
where += "last_name ='";
where += lastname;
where += "'";
}
else if ((firstname == null) && (lastname != null)){
where = "last_name ='";
where += lastname;
where += "'";
}
Java Bean & Database

linked
Listing 4 PhoneBookBean.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.*;
public class PhoneBookBean {
private Connection con = null;
private Statement stmt = null;
private ResultSet rs = null;
private String query = null;
public PhoneBookBean() {}
public ResultSet getResultSet(String query) {
// grab a connection to the database
con = ConnectDB.getConnection();
try{
stmt = con.createStatement();
// run the sql query to obtain a result set
rs = stmt.executeQuery(query);
}
catch(SQLException sqlex){
sqlex.printStackTrace();
}
catch (RuntimeException rex) {
rex.printStackTrace();
}
catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace(); }
return rs;
}
}
Listing 5 ConnectDB.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.sql.*;
import java.util.*;
/**
* Re-usable database connection class
*/
public class ConnectDB {
// setup connection values to the database
static final String DB_DRIVER = "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver";
static final String URL = "jdbc:odbc:PhoneBook";
static final String USERNAME = "anon_user";
static final String PASSWORD = "";
// Load the driver when this class is first loaded
static {
try {
Class.forName(DB_DRIVER).newInstance();
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfx) {
cnfx.printStackTrace();
}
catch (IllegalAccessException iaex){
iaex.printStackTrace();
}
catch(InstantiationException iex){
iex.printStackTrace ();
}
}
/**
* Returns a connection to the database
*/
public static Connection getConnection() {
Connection con = null;
try {
con = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USERNAME, PASSWORD);
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally {
return con;
Conclusion
Questions? Comments?
References
http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/java/Servlet-Tutorial/Servlet-Tutorial-Overview.
html
www.cis.upenn.edu/~matuszek/ cit597-2004/Lectures/21-servlets.ppt
http://learning.unl.ac.uk/im269/lectures/week6servletsp1.ppt
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorialNB/download/tut-servlets.zip
http://www.webdevelopersjournal.com/articles/intro_to_servlets.html

Java Servlets

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Java Servlets

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Java Servlets

What Are Servlets?

Basically, a java program that runs

What Do They Do?

Handle data/requests sent by users

Who Uses Servlets?

Servlets are useful in many business

and MANY others

Dynamic websites were often created

Servlets vs. CGI

Can talk directly to the web server

Many programmers today already know java

Single lightweight java thread handles multiple requests

Java is supported by every major web browser (through

Adding servlet support to a server is cheap or free

Servlets vs. CGI

CGI scripts can be written in any

What Servlets Need

JavaServer Web Development Kit

Java Server Web Development

Small, stand-alone server for testing

The J2EE SDK

Includes Java Servlets 2.4

Servlet capable server

Popular, open-source server

A servlet container used with Apache

Other servers are available

Java Server Pages

Lets you mix regular, static HTML pages

Webpage designers create the HTML

Written in standard Java

Main Concepts of Servlet

Life Cycle: Initialize

Servlet is created when servlet

Init() method is called only once

Life Cycle: Service

Any requests will be forwarded to the

Life Cycle: Destroy

destroy() method is called only once

Allows resources to be freed

Client (browser) sends a request containing

Request line (method type, URL, protocol)

Sent by server to client

response line (server protocol and status code)

Thin clients (minimize download)

A mechanism that servlets use to

A mechanism that a servlet uses to have

To satisfy client requests, servlets

Typing a servlet URL into a browser

Servlets can be called directly by typing

Calling a servlet from within an HTML

Servlet URLs can be used in HTML tags,

Request Attributes and

Request Resources - gives you

Concurrent requests for a servlet are handled

Simple Counter Example

public class SimpleCounter extends HttpServlet {

Problem - Synchronization between threads

Two Requests will

Solution - Use Synchronized Block!

The approach would be to synchronize only the

Example: On-line Phone

Example: On-line Phone

Java server Page