Oil &gas Processing 1-2

NNPC Graduate Programme Methods of Crude Analysis
 Generally:
Crude Oil Consists of Thousands of Compounds
Exact Analysis/Separation Into Component Compounds Impossible
Analysis Normally Into Fractions of Different Boiling Point Range
 Analysis Methods
Ultimate Analysis
 Produces PERCENTAGES of Different ELEMENTS of Crude
Compounds
 Says Very Little About Crude Compounds and Characteristics
 Useful in Sulphur Content Determination
Slide No: 1
NNPC Graduate Programme
Methods of Crude Analysis
CRUDE Properties/Elements Percentages
 SG Temp C. H. N. O. S.
 Penn 0.86 15 85.5 14.2 - - -
 Mecook 0.89 - 83.6 12.9 - 3.6 -
 Humbolt 0.91 - 85.6 12.4 - - 0.37
 Headldton - - 85.0 12.9 - - 0.76
 Coalinga 0.95 15 86.4 11.7 1.14 - 0.60
 Mexico 0.97 15 83.0 11.0 1.7 - 4.30
 Beaumont 0.91 - 85.7 11.0 2.61 - 0.70
 USSR 0.89 - 86.5 12.0 - 1.5 -
 S. America 0.94 20 85.6 11.9 0.54 - -

Slide No: 2
 Chemical Analysis
Produces Percentages of Crude
 Paraffins 100 %
 Straight Chain Hydrocarbons Aromatics
 Single Bond Hydrocarbons
 Saturated Hydrocarbon
 Naphthenes
 Carbon Arranged in Ring
 Saturated Hydrocarbons
 Single Bond Hydrocarbon
 Also Called 100 % 100 %

Cycloalkanes Paraffins Naphthenes
Cycloparaffins
Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
Slide No: 3
 Chemical Analysis
Produces Percentages of Crude
 Aromatics
 Consists of Benzene Molecules or their Multiples
 Molecule Consists of Six Carbon Atoms Bonded in a Ring With

Six Hydrogen Atoms
Can be Determined by Chemical Analysis or Solvent Test in Temp

Ranges
Cn Determine Proportions of Paraffins, Naphthenes and Aromatics
Cannot Determine Actual Quantities
Slide No: 4
Chemical Analysis
Summary of Crude Classifications (in order of decreasing value):
 Paraffinic Crudes
 paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
 paraffins > naphthenes
 paraffins > 40%
 Naphthenic Crudes
 paraffins + naphthenes > 50%
 naphthenes > paraffins
 naphthenes > 40%
 Paraffinic-Naphthenic Crudes
 Aromatics < 50%
 paraffins < 40%
 naphthenes < 40%
Slide No: 5
Chemical Analysis
Summary of Crude Classifications (in order of decreasing value):
 Aromatic-Naphthenic Crudes
 Aromatics > 50%
 Naphthenes < 25%
 Paraffins < 10%
 Aromatic-Intermediate Crudes
 Aromatics > 50%
 Paraffins < 10%
 Aromatic-Asphaltic Crudes
 Naphthenes > 25%
 Paraffins < 10%
Slide No: 6
 Evaluation Analysis
Mainly Fractional Distillation
 Followed by Physical Property Test of Distilled Fractions
Fractions’ Properties Given Include:

 API Gravity
 Viscosity
 Aniline Point
 Flash Point
 Pour Point
 % Sulfur
 % Yield, etc
Used to Produce Evaluation Analysis Curves
Used to Predict and Determine Crude Yield/Properties at the Refinery
ASTM Test Method D2887

Slide No: 7
Evaluation Analysis Method
 Typical Crude Oil Evaluation (Norway) Crude
Gravity, API = 36.3
BS&W, Vol% = 1.0
Sulfur, wt% = 0.21
Pour Point Test, 0C = +20.0
Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F = 42.48
Reid Vapour Press, psi @ 100 0F = 5.1
Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl = 14.5
Lighter Compounds and N2 Vol% = 1.0

 Material Range Viscosity Yield Gravity %S Para Naph Arom C. Res P.Pt
An. Pt (0F)
( SUS ) (Vol%) API
0 (wt%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) ( 0F) (0F)
 Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.003 - - -

 Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0 60.1 0.0024 56.52 29.52 - 13.96
-
 Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5 40.2 0.05 - - 13.1 - 146.2
 Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7 33.7 0.11 0.08 25 165.3 Lube
650+ 80 38.8 - 0.39 -- 4.0 85
Slide No: 8
Evaluation Analysis Method
Typical Crude Oil Evaluation (Norway) Crude
Gravity, API = 36.3

BS&W, Vol% = 1.0
Sulfur, wt% = 0.21
Pour Point Test, 0C = +20.0
Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F = 42.48
Reid Vapour Press, psi @ 100 0F = 5.1
Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl = 14.5
Lighter Compounds and N2 Vol% = 1.0
Material Range Viscosity Yield Gravity %S Para Naph Arom C. Res P.Pt An. Pt.
(0F) ( SUS ) (Vol%) 0API (wt%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) ( 0F)
(0F)
Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.003 - - - -

Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0 60.1 0.0024 56.52 29.52 - 13.96 -
Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5 40.2 0.05 - - 13.1 - 146.2
Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7 33.7 0.11 - - -0.08 -25 165.3
Lube 650+ 80 38.8 - 0.39 - - - 4.0 -85 -
Slide No: 9
Evaluation Curves
Evaluation Curves for 32 0API Intermediate-Base crude of K = 11-.65
Slide No: 10
 General Properties Analysis
General Laboratory PVT Analysis
Determine Properties Such as:
 Specific Gravity (60/60 0F)
 API Gravity (@ 60 0F)  0 API
 Water Content (BS&W) % Vol.
 Kinetic Viscosity (@ 100 0F) (cp)
 Pour Point
 Gas-Oil Ratio
 Total Acid Gas Number
 Sulfur Content (% WT)
Slide No: 11
PVT CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS
Slide No: 12
NNPC Graduate Programme Crude Oil Basis Classification
 General Classification
Paraffin Base
Intermediate Base
Naphthene Base
 Cannot be Used for Crude Exhibiting Different Characteristics for Different Ends
Slide No: 13
Crude Oil Basis Classification
 USBM Hempel Distillation Classification

Uses Hempel Distillation to Classify Crude into :
 “Key Fractions”
 Key Fraction 1
 Boiling Point  4820F - 5270F
 At atmospheric Press
 Lighter End (Petrol)
 Key Fraction 2
 Boiling Point  5270F - 5720F
 At 40mm Abs. Press
 Heavy End (Lube)
Slide No: 14
 USBM Hempel Distillation Classification
Both Fractions are Tested for API
General Classification Bases

 Paraffin, Intermediate & Naphthene
Key Fraction 2 is Tested for Cloud Point
Naming of Crude Base:

 Key Fraction 1 Base Named First B4 Key Fraction 2 Base
Wax Bearing  If k-2 Cloud Point  5 0F
Wax Free  If k-2 Cloud Point  5 0F

 Example
 Paraffin-Intermediate-Wax Free
Petrol Portion  Paraffin
Lube Portion  Intermediate
Heavy Portion  Wax Free

Slide No: 15
 Numerical Correlation Indices

An Index that Classifies Crude Base With a Number
Characterisation Factor
 Developed by Watson, Nelson & Murphy
 Used for Both Crude and Refined Products
3
T 3 T B  460
K  B

 
= Molar Average Boiling Point Temperature in 0R
TB
 = Specific Gravity at 60 0 F
K= Crude Characterisation Factor
T B = Normal Boiling Point Slide

Temperature
No: 16 in 0F
 Numerical Correlation Indices

Values of 12.5 or Higher Indicate a Crude Predominantly Paraffinic.
Highly Aromatic Crude Have Characterization Factors of 10.0 or Less.
Petrol: K  12.8; Kerosene: K  11.54; Diesel: K  11.4
Large K
 High API
 High Tendency Towards Petrol
 More Paraffin
Small K
 Low API
 More Aromatics
Viscosity  K  
Used to Correlate Both Crude Oil and Refined Products

Slide No: 17
USBM Hempel Fractions/Characteristic Factor
Slide No: 18
 Correlation Index
Has Been Used by USDOE for Crude from ALL Fields in the US
87555
IC  473.7  465.8 
TB
  = Crude Specific Gravity at 60 F 0
 = Crude Avg. Normal Boiling Point Temp. in 0R

TB
Low IC  Indicates Paraffin
 IC = 0  Purely Paraffin
High IC  Highly Aromatic

 IC = 100  Purely Benzene
Slide No: 19
Properties of Petroleum Crude and Products
 Reservoir Crude Sampling Methods

Wireline Sampling Methods
Surface Sampling Collection
Information From Fluid Sampling

 Solution GOR
 STO GOR
 Separated GOR at Different Pressure
 Phases Volume
 FVF
 Bubble Point Pressure
 Oil Viscosity
 STO API
 Saturated Reservoir Fluid Compressibility
 Casing Head Gas Fraction Analysis
 Reservoir Fluid Fraction Analysis
Slide No: 20
 Assay
Laboratory Analysis Using Chromatograph and True Boiling Point Distillation
Determines
 API Gravity
 Reid Vapor Pressure
 Pour Point
 Water and Sediment Content
 Salt Content
 Sulfur content
 Hydrogen Sulfide Content
Normally Furnished to Customer and Transporters
Slide No: 21
 Gas Oil Ratio
Solution GOR
 Gas Dissolved in Oil
 Quantity Limited Only by Pressure and Quantity of Gas Available
 Amount of Gas in Reservoir Fluid

 Unit: SCF/STB
 Depends on:
 Composition of Gas and Crude
 Compositions Approaching One another ; GOR  @ Const. Temp &
Pres
 Pressure  GOR  @ Const. Temp.
 Temp.  GOR  @ Const. Press
Average GOR
 GOR for a Period Per Day
Cumulative GOR
 GOR for a Period Slide No: 22
 Gas Oil Ratio
Produced GOR
 Produced Gas per Produced STO
 Depends on:
 Composition: More Lighter End;GOR
 Separator Pressure  GOR  @ Const. Temp

 Separator Temp.  GOR  STO 
Uses of GOR
 Indicates Fluid Composition
 GOR  Lighter Ends 
Crude Saturation
 Saturated Crude
 Gives Out Gas Upon Press Reduction
 Under Saturated
 Gives Out No Gas Upon Pressure
Slide No: 23 Reduction
 API Gravity
Fig 1-10
Basic Formula Crude Oil and Condensate Properties
141.5 API Correlation
0
API   131.5
o
Relationship with Other Properties
 Molar Mass - Fig 1-10
 API  Molar Mass 
 Specific Heat/Total Heat - Fig 1-11a

API  Specific Heat 
 % Crude Distilled - Fig 1-13
 API  % Distilled 
% Distilled  API of % Distilled 
 Mean Boiling Point - Fig 1-10
 API  MBP 
 Viscosity - Fig 1-12

 API  O 
Slide No: 24
Fig 1-11a
Viscosity Specific Heat and Heat Content Vs API Curve
Ability of Fluid to Flow
Units:
Saybolt Universal Seconds(SUS)
Represented by tSU
Centipoise (cp)
Represented by O
Basic Formula
O 149.7
 0.219 t SU 
O t SU
Slide No: 25
Fig 1-12
Relationship Between Viscosity
and Temp of Fluids of Different API
Slide No: 26
Fig 1-13
Evaluation Curves of Intermediate-Base
Crude of Characterization Factor 11.8
Slide No: 27
No Property Description Units

0
1. Aniline Point Lowest Temp. @ Which Equal Volume of Aniline and Oil Will be F
Completely Miscible. The Lower the More Severe the Damage it causes
to Rubber
0
2. Boiling Point Temp. @ which First Gas Bubble Forms out of Liquid as Press is F or
reduced OR Press @ which it Form as Temp. is Increased psia
0
3. Dew Point Temp. @ which First Drop of Liquid Forms from Gas F /psia
4. FVF Volume that One Surface STB of Oil Will Occupy in Reservoir bbl/stb
5 GOR Gas Oil Ratio scf/stb
6. True Vapor Pressure Exerted by Liquid on Vapor Space in Container @ Given psi
Pressure(TVP) Temperature. The Higher the Vaporization
7. Reid Vapor Approx. Liquid Vapor Press Measured with ASTM Technique in a psi
Pressure(RVP) 100 0F Controlled-Temperature Water Bath psia
0
8. Pour Point Lowest Temperature(to nearest 5 0F) @ which Oil Movement is F
Observed
9. Viscosity Measure of Thickness of Fluid or how Easily Fluid Will Pour cp/SUS
10. Specific Heat Heat Required to raise a Unit of Measure of Liquid One degree of btu/0F -
Temperature. Required for Heating and Cooling Operation lb
11. Heat of Heat Required to Turn a unit Measure of Liquid to Vapor btu/lb
Vaporization
Slide No: 28
Tests for Petroleum Crude and Products
No Property Test
1. Gravity ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Petroleum Crude and Products
2. Hydrocarbon Distribution ASTM D 86 Distillation of Petroleum Products
3. Salt ASTM D 3230 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)
4. Sediments and/or Water ASTM D 96 Sediment & Water of Oil by Centrifuge Method
5. Sulfur ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petro. Prod.(General Bomb Method)
6. Surfactant-Flow Improver Field Desorption - Mass Spectrometry
7. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure for Petro. Prod. (Reid Method)
8. Metals Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy
9. Neutralization Number Acid Number of Petro. Prod. By Potentiometric Titration
ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials

Slide No: 29
Types of Crude Oil
 Types of Crude Oil

Liquid Petroleum
Consists Larger Hydrocarbon Molecules
“Petroleum Oil”
Low Shrinkage Oil

 Separator Pressure and Temperature Close to its Bubble Point
 Little Amount of gas Bubbles Out
 Low Surface GOR ( 500 scf/stb)
 High Viscosity
 Low API  300
 80% of Product Remain as Liquid at Separator Condition
Slide No: 30
 High Shrinkage Oil
 Separator Pressure and Temperature Quite Below Bubble Point
 High Amount of Gas Bubble Out
 Medium Surface GOR  8000 scf/stb
 Retrograde Condensate
 Separator Pressure and Temperature Within Fluid Two-Phase
Region While Reservoir Condition in Gas Phase
Slide No: 31
Slide No: 32

Oil &gas Processing 1-2

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NNPC Graduate Programme Methods of Crude Analysis

Exact Analysis/Separation Into Component Compounds Impossible

Analysis Normally Into Fractions of Different Boiling Point Range

 Says Very Little About Crude Compounds and Characteristics

 Useful in Sulphur Content Determination

 Mecook 0.89 - 83.6 12.9 - 3.6 -

 Humbolt 0.91 - 85.6 12.4 - - 0.37

 Headldton - - 85.0 12.9 - - 0.76

 Coalinga 0.95 15 86.4 11.7 1.14 - 0.60

 Mexico 0.97 15 83.0 11.0 1.7 - 4.30

 Beaumont 0.91 - 85.7 11.0 2.61 - 0.70

 USSR 0.89 - 86.5 12.0 - 1.5 -

 S. America 0.94 20 85.6 11.9 0.54 - -

 Single Bond Hydrocarbon

 Also Called 100 % 100 %

 Molecule Consists of Six Carbon Atoms Bonded in a Ring With

Can be Determined by Chemical Analysis or Solvent Test in Temp

Cn Determine Proportions of Paraffins, Naphthenes and Aromatics

Cannot Determine Actual Quantities

 Followed by Physical Property Test of Distilled Fractions

Fractions’ Properties Given Include:

Used to Produce Evaluation Analysis Curves

Used to Predict and Determine Crude Yield/Properties at the Refinery

ASTM Test Method D2887

 Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.003 - - -

Gravity, API = 36.3

Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.003 - - - -

Evaluation Curves for 32 0API Intermediate-Base crude of K = 11-.65

 API Gravity (@ 60 0F)  0 API

 Water Content (BS&W) % Vol.

 Kinetic Viscosity (@ 100 0F) (cp)

 Total Acid Gas Number

 Sulfur Content (% WT)

PVT CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS

 USBM Hempel Distillation Classification

 Lighter End (Petrol)

 At 40mm Abs. Press

 Heavy End (Lube)

General Classification Bases

Key Fraction 2 is Tested for Cloud Point

Naming of Crude Base:

Wax Free  If k-2 Cloud Point  5 0F

 Numerical Correlation Indices

K= Crude Characterisation Factor

T B = Normal Boiling Point Slide

 Numerical Correlation Indices

Used to Correlate Both Crude Oil and Refined Products

USBM Hempel Fractions/Characteristic Factor

  = Crude Specific Gravity at 60 F 0

 = Crude Avg. Normal Boiling Point Temp. in 0R

High IC  Highly Aromatic

 Reservoir Crude Sampling Methods

Surface Sampling Collection

Information From Fluid Sampling

Normally Furnished to Customer and Transporters

 Amount of Gas in Reservoir Fluid

 Compositions Approaching One another ; GOR  @ Const. Temp &

 Temp.  GOR  @ Const. Press

 Separator Pressure  GOR  @ Const. Temp

 Specific Heat/Total Heat - Fig 1-11a

 Viscosity - Fig 1-12

No Property Description Units

Tests for Petroleum Crude and Products