Essentials of Human Anatomy

The Skeletal System 3

Appendicular Skeleton

Dr Fadel Naim
Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
IUG

The Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral girdle
Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk

Pelvic girdle
Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk

Upper and lower limbs differ in function

Share the same structural plan

Articulated Pectoral Girdle

Appendicular Skeleton
Upper extremity
Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle,
upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and hand
Shoulder girdle
Made up of scapula and clavicle
Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the
sternoclavicular joint
At its distal end, clavicle articulates with the
acromion process of the scapula

Pectoral Girdle

shoulder girdle
clavicles
scapulae
supports upper limbs

Clavicles

articulate with manubrium

articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)

Scapulae
spine
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa

acromion process
coracoid process
glenoid cavity

The Upper Limb

30 bones form each upper limb
Grouped into bones of the
Arm
Forearm
Hand

Upper Limb

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

Humerus
The long bone of the
upper arm
Articulates proximally
with the glenoid fossa
of the scapula and
distally with the
radius and ulna

Humerus
head
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
anatomical neck
surgical neck
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa

Radius
Long bone found on thumb side of forearm
Articulates proximally with capitulum of humerus and
radial notch of ulna
articulates distally with scaphoid and lunate carpals
and with head of ulna

Radius

lateral forearm bone

head
radial tuberosity
styloid process

Ulna
Long bone found on little finger side of
forearm
Articulates proximally with humerus and radius
and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk

Ulna

medial forearm
bone
trochlear notch
olecranon process
coronoid process
styloid process

Wrist and Hand

Carpals (16)
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
scaphoid
pisiform
triquetrum
hamate
lunate

Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx

Appendicular Skeleton
Lower extremity
Consists of the bones of
Hip
Thigh
lower leg
Ankle
Foot

Pelvis
The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.

Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of

the ventral body cavity.
Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.

Os Coxae
Commonly referred to as the hip bone or innominate
bone.
Each is formed from three separate bones:
the ilium
the ischium
the pubis

Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the

sacroiliac joint.

Pelvic Girdle

Coxae (2)
supports trunk of body
protects viscera

Coxae
hip bones
acetabulum
ilium
iliac crest
iliac spines
greater sciatic notch

ischium
ischial spines
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity

pubis
obturator foramen
symphysis pubis
pubic arch

Greater and Lesser Pelvis

Greater Pelvis
lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
iliac bones laterally
abdominal wall
anteriorly

Lesser Pelvis
sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
lower ilium, ischium, and
pubis bones laterally and
anteriorly

Male and Female Pelvis

Female
iliac bones more flared
broader hips
pubic arch angle
greater
more distance between
ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities
sacral curvature
shorter and flatter
lighter bones

Lower Limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Femur
longest bone of body
head
fovea capitis
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
condyles
epicondyles

Patella

kneecap
anterior surface of
knee
flat sesamoid bone
located in a tendon

Tibia
shin bone
medial to fibula
condyles
tibial tuberosity
anterior crest
medial malleolus

Fibula
lateral to tibia
long, slender
head
lateral malleolus
does not bear
any body weight

Ankle and Foot

Tarsals (14)
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform

Metatarsals (10)
Phalanges (28)
proximal
middle
distal

Ankle and Foot

Arches of the Foot

The sole of the foot does
not rest flat on the ground.
Helps it support the weight
of the body.
Ensures that the blood
vessels and nerves on the
sole of the foot are not
pinched when standing.

Arches of the Foot

Medial longitudinal arch extends from the heel
to the big toe.
Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as the
medial longitudinal arch.
Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the
longitudinal arches.

Hallux valgus
A lateral deviation of the great toe at the
metatarsophalangeal joint
Its incidence is greater in women than
in men
Associated with badly fitting shoes.
Often accompanied by the presence of
a short first metatarsal bone.
Once the deformity is established, it is
progressively worsened by the pull of
the flexor hallucis longus and
extensor hallucis longus muscles.

Hallux rigidus

Osteoarthritic changes in
the metatarsophalangeal
joint, which then becomes
stiff and painful

Pes
planus
(flat foot)
A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is
depressed or collapsed.
As a result, the forefoot is displaced laterally
The head of the talus is no longer supported
The causes of flat foot are both congenital and
acquired.

THE END