A&P

URINARY
SYSTEM
Instructor Terry Wiseth

Urinary Anatomy
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Functions of Urinary System

Clears blood of waste products of

metabolism
Uremia
accumulation of toxic levels of
wastes in blood
maintain normal
H2O and electrolyte balance

fluid volumes
blood pressure
body pH

Kidneys
Excretory Organ
Intestine, Skin, Lungs
Excretes
N2 wastes
Toxins
H20
Electrolytes

Microscopic Structure
Nephron
unit of function
1.25 million /

kidney
Highly vascular
20% of
blood
pumped /
min
5

Functions
1) maintain fluid balance
2) maintain electrolyte

balance
3) maintain acid-base balance
4) remove N2 wastes

urea

5) synthesize prostaglandin's
6)influence rate of secretion
of hormones
ADH / Aldosterone

Kidney Failure
blood constituents cannot be held in
normal concentrations

Nephron Anatomy
1) Glomerulus
Arterioles
Bowmans Capsule
2) Tubule
Proximal
Loop of Henle
Ascending
Descending
Distal
Collecting
8

Urine Formation
Actions in forming urine
1) filtration
2) reabsorption
3) secretion

Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through

glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out
into Bowmans Capsule

10

Glomerular Filtration
blood flows through

glomerular capillaries
H2O and solutes filter out
into Bowmans Capsule

11

Glomerular Filtration
pressure gradient causes filtration
some kidney diseases
permeability of glomerulus increases
allows blood proteins to filter out into
the capsule

12

Glomerular Filtration
High blood pressure in the glomerulus

forces small molecules from blood into

the Bowmans capsule

13

Glomerular Filtration
TEM of filtration slits from capillaries in
Bowmans Capsule

14

Glomerular Filtration
Stress can lead to constriction of

afferent arterioles
causes filtration rate to lower
and renal suppression kidney
shutdown

15

Glomerular Filtration
glomerular filtration rate

directly related to systemic

blood pressure

BP = glomerular filtration
BP = glomerular filtration (slight)
16

Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular
fluid out to blood
reabsorption from proximal
convoluted tubules to blood

17

Tubular Reabsorption
movement of substances from tubular
fluid out to blood
reabsorption from proximal
convoluted tubules to blood

18

Tubular Reabsorption
Glucose, amino

acids, ions and other

useful substances
are actively
transported from the
tubule into blood

19

Proximal Tubules
Water follows passively by osmosis

20

Glucose Reabsorption
if blood glucose levels exceed threshold
amount (150mg/100ml)
not all glucose is reabsorbed

21

Renal Diabetes
congenital
sometimes maximum transfer capacity

is reduced and excess glucose appears

in urine even though blood glucose level
is normal

22

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle

Descending Loop
Water diffuses out of the tubule by
osmosis

23

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle

Ascending Loop
Salts are actively transported out of
the tubule, but water cannot follow
because the walls of the tubule are
impermeable to water

24

Reabsorption from Loop of Henle

NaCl is trapped in interstitial fluid of
kidney medulla

25

Reabsorption from Distal Tubules

proximal tubules reabsorb 2/3 of Na+
distal tubules reabsorb 1/10 of Na+

26

Reabsorption from Distal Tubules

distal tubules reabsorb H2O if

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

27

Distal Tubule
K+, H+ and other ions, and certain large

molecules are actively transported from

the blood into the tubule, regulating the
pH and ionic concentration of the blood

28

Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct,

water moves by osmosis from the duct

into the blood

29

Collecting Duct
As the urine passes down the duct,

water moves by osmosis from the duct

into the blood

30

ADH
cause distal tubules to become
permeable to H2O

31

ADH
small concentrated volume of urine is
excreted

32

ADH
if no ADH in blood, then
large volumes of urine
produced (dilute
concentration)

33

Regulation of Urine Volume

1) ADH
2) Aldosterone
3) Extracellular fluid volume
4) Urine solute concentration

34

Regulation of Urine Volume

1) ADH
Presence
decrease Urine Volume
Absence
increase Urine Volume

35

Regulation of Urine Volume

2) Aldosterone
increases Na+ reabsorption in

distal tubule with H2O following

36

Regulation of Urine Volume

3) urine volume relates directly to
extracellular fluid volume (ECF)

urine volume
ECF
urine volume
ECF
rapid ingestion of large
amount of fluid and resulting
increased ECF leads to
increased urinary output

37

Regulation of Urine Volume

4) high solute concentration in urine

increases urine volume by osmotic

pressure
untreated diabetes
void large amounts of urine because
excess glucose in blood spilling over

38

Influence of Kidney on Blood

Pressure

Renal Hypertension
decreased blood
flow to kidney
constriction of
arterioles
increased BP

39

Ureters
Tubes leading from
kidney to bladder
Urine moves by
peristaltic
movement

40

Ureters
Renal Calculi
stones develop in kidney, washed out
by urine into ureter
distend ureter walls
pain

41

Bladder
collapsible, elastic bag
Ureters
2
Bladder
Urethra
1

42

Functions of Bladder
1) reservoir for urine
2)expels urine
distended causes sensation and desire
to void

43

Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine

44

Urethra
passageway for eliminating urine

45

Urine
H2O
95%
N2 wastes
Electrolytes
Toxins
Pigments
Hormones

46

Artificial Kidney
Dialysis

47

Artificial Kidney
Dialysis

48

Artificial Kidney
continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis (CAPD)
dialysis fluid administered to
peritoneal cavity

49

Kidney Transplant

50

END
URINARY SYSTEM