IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005
Background
1. Energy conservation equation
P V2
gh Const .
If there is no friction
V2
What is
?
2
1
mV 2 Kinetic energy
2
1 2
Kinetic energy
V
2
Unit mass
V2
Total energy
gh
2
Unit mass
P
Background
2. If there is frictional loss , then
P
V2
P V2
gh
gh
inlet
In many cases
Voutlet Vinlet
houtlet hinlet
P Frictional loss
Unit mass
outlet
Frictional loss
Unit mass
Background
Q. Where are all frictional loss can occur ?
in pipe, in valves, joints etc
First focus on pipe friction
In pipe, Can we relate the friction to other properties ?
properties
Z Flow properties
] Fuid properties
Example
Example for general case:
Pvalve 250 Pa
0 gauge
pressure
L 50 m
At the normal operating condition given following data
Shear stress = 2 Pa
Pvalve 250 Pa
L 50 m
r 0.1 m
V 1 m/ s
What should be the pressure at inlet ?
Example (continued)
Solution : taking pressure balance
Pinlet 0 Pvalve Ppipe

For pipe, Force balance
r * P
2
pipe
. 2 rL
Hence we can find total pressure drop
Flow properties
We have said nothing about fluid flow properties
However , Normally we do not know the Pvalve and Ppipe
Usually they depend on flow properties and fluid
properties
Pvalve K
Ppipe ?
1 2
V
2
Empirical
32 V
Laminar flow Ppipe L.
D2
Turbulent flow Ppipe f n L, , V , e, , D 2
Friction Factor: Definition

In general we want to find
Define f
1
V 2
2
(Dimensionless )
f is a measure of frictional loss

higher f implies higher friction
This is Fanning-Friction factor ff
Friction factor
So we write
Ppipe f n ,......
.2 rL
r2
1
2 f .2 rL
V
2
r2
f .L
r
2 V 2
This is for pipe with circular cross section
Ppipe f n f ,......
f .L
D
Friction factor: Turbulent Flow

Here f is function of other parameters
For laminar flow , dont worry about f , just use
32 VL
P
D2
For turbulent flow , Is it possible to get expression for shear ?
Using log profile
V K1 K 2 log(Y )
V 1 2 log( 2 )
Vav 1 2 log( 3 )
where K, , are depends on the , , 0 ,....
Equation for Friction Factor

Equation relating shear stress and average velocity,
and is implicit in
Because original equation
V 5.5 2.5 ln(Y )

where V
V
*
V
y.V
*
Equation for Friction Factor

In the implicit equation itself,
1
substitute for with f , V 2 and we get
2
1
4 log10 Re
f
0.4
This is equivalent of laminar flow equation relating f and Re

(for turbulent flow in a smooth pipe)
V

y r R
r 2
V Vm 1 2
R
Friction Factor: Laminar Flow

2Vm r
V
r
R2
V
r
r R
2Vm
1
f . Vav2 2Vm R
2
For laminar flow
f.
Vav
Vm
2
2 Vm
4 Vav
8Vav
1
Vav2
2
R
R
D
16 Vav
16
16
f
2
Vav D
Vav D
Re
Pressure drop using Friction Factor

Use of f is for finding effective shear stress and
corresponding head loss or pressure drop
In the original problem, instead of saying normal operating
condition we say
Vav
m
1
s
K valve 0.5
What is Pvalve ?
Pvalve K .
Ppipe ?
Laminar or turbulent?
Re
DV
1
Vav2
2

For turbulent flow
1
4 log10 Re
f
0.4
We can solve for f, once you know f, we can get shear
1
f . V 2
2
Once you know shear , we can get pressure
drop
2
r
* Ppipe . 2 rL
If flow is laminar , ( i.e. Re < 2300 ), we use

16
f
Re

0 gauge
pressure
And original equation becomes,
1
P K . V 2 Ppipe
2
1
2 rL
2
P K . V
2
r2
P K.
V 2
2
f.
1
2 rL
V 2
2
r2
In above equation the value of f can be substitute from laminar and

turbulent equation
Laminar flow straight forward
Turbulent flow iterative or we can use graph
Determination of Q or D
Given a pipe (system) with known D and a specified flow rate
(Q ~ V), we can calculate the pressure needed
i.e. is the pumping requirement
We have a pump: Given that we have a pipe (of dia D), what
is flow rate that we can get?
OR
We have a pump: Given that we need certain flow rate, of
what size pipe should we use?
We have a pump: Given that we have a pipe (of dia D), what
is flow rate that we can get?
To find Q
i.e. To find average velocity (since we know D)
Two methods: (i) Assume a friction factor value and
iterate (ii) plot Re vs (Re2f)
Method (i)
Assume a value for friction factor
Calculate Vav from the formula relating P and f
Calculate Re
Using the graph of f vs Re (or solving equation), re-estimate f; repeat
Method (ii)
Re
P D
2 L V 2
Re
D 2V 2 2
1
2 rL
V 2
2
r2
DV
P D
2 L V 2
2
3
f.
P
2 L
From the plot of f vs Re,

plot Re vs (Re2f)
From the known parameters, calculate Re2f

From the plot of Re vs (Re f), determine Re
2
Calculate Vav
We take original example , assume we know p, and need to find V and Q

Let us say
P 2250 Pa
K 0.5
r 0.1
What is V ?
K
P
V 2 Ppipe
2
K
2 rL
P
V 2
2
r2
K
1
2L
P
V 2 f . V 2
2
2
r
2250 250V 2 5 *105 V 2 f
Iteration 1: assume f = 0.001
gives V = 1.73m/s , Re = 3.5x10 5, f = 0.0034
Iteration 2: take f = 0.0034
gives V = 1.15m/s , Re = 2.1x10 5, f = 0.0037
Iteration 3: take f = 0.0037
gives V = 1.04 m/s , Re = 2.07x10 5, f = 0.0038
If flow is laminar, you can actually solve the equation
Ppipe
32 VL
D2
2250 250V
32 VL
4r 2
2250 250V 2 40V
40 402 4*2250* 250

V
2* 250
V 2.92 m / s
If you are given pressure drop and Q , we need to find D

V2
P K .
Ppipe
2
P K.
V 2
P K.
V 2
2
2 rL
r2
K
Q
P
2
2
D
4
f.
1
2L
V 2
2
D/2
8K Q 2
32 fL Q 2
P
2
4
D
2 D5
2250
0.4 159.84 f
4
D
D5
2
D
4
2L
D/2
Iteration 1: Assume f = 0.01

2250
0.4 1.5984
4
D
D5
2250 D 5 0.4 D 1.5984 0
Solving this approximately (how?), we get
D ; 0.24
V 0.69m / s
Re 160000
f 0.0045
Iteration 2: take f = 0.0045 and follow the same procedure

IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005

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IIT-Madras, Momentum Transfer: July 2005-Dec 2005