PROBLEMS WITH

CAUSATIVES

Causatives are the main verbs that cause people or

machines to do things or cause things to change.
They are listed below in order of the most forceful to
the least forceful
Make
Let

get
help

have

16. Causative MAKE

Remember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In
causative, a person does not perform an action
directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing
another person to do it.
S

MAKE

His mother

made

Someone
him

Verb word
take

His medicine

MAKE

something

Verb word

made

The machine

work

Examples
InC : She made the baby to take a nap
C
: She made the baby take a nap
Inc : I cant seem to make this dishwasher running
C
: I cant seem to make this dishwasher run
InC : patsy make everyone doing his share around
the house
C
: patsy make everyone do his share around the
house

Exercise:
Psychologist believe that incentives ... to increase our
productivity
A.Make us want
B.Make us to want
C.Making us want
D.Makes us want
Too mush water makes plants running bown on the
edges of their leaves

17. Causative GET

Remember that GET can be used as a causative.
S

GET

someone

Infinitive

Lets

get

Ralph

To go

GET

something

participle

Lets

get

Our car

fixed

With us

first

Examples
InC : Do you think that we can get a Karen takes us
to San Diaego?
C
: Do you think that we can get a Karen to take us
to San Diaego?
Inc : I want to get the house paint before winter
C
: I want to get the house painted before winter

Exercise
Lobbysits who represent special interest group get ...
that benefits their group
A.Congress to pass the legislation
B.Congress passed the legislation
C.The legislation to pass by Congress
D.The legislation that Congrees passing
In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that
might be stolen, the owner must get all piecess
appraise

18. Causative HAVE

Remember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In
causative, a person does not perform an action
directly
S

HAVE

someone

Verb word

My English
teacher

had

us

give

HAVE

Something

Participle

Want to have

This book

renewed

Oral report

please

Examples
Inc : Tom had a tooth fill
Co : Tom had a tooth filled
Inc : They had their lawyer to change their wills
Co : They had their lawyer change their wills

Exercises
Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist ... Their
teeth
A. Fill
B. Filled
C. Filling
D.To be filled
Most predential candidated have their names print on the
ballot in New Hampshire primary election because it is
customerily the first one in the nation, and winning it can
give them a good chance to be nominated by their parties

19. Causative LET

Remember that LET can be used as a causative. With
LET, a person gives permission for another person to
do
S

LET

someone

Verb word

His mother

let

him

Go

To school

LET

something

Verb word

Am letting

This machine

cool

Examples
Inc : Professor Baker let us to write paper instead of
taking a final exam
Co : Professor Baker let us write paper instead of
taking a final exam
Inc : would you let us the borrow your notes?
Co : would you let us borrow your notes?

Exercise:
The Immigration and Naturalization Service often ...
Their Visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.
A.Lets students extend
B.Lets students for extend
C.Letting students to extend
D.Let students extending
The national Basketball Association will not let any
athlet to continue playing in the league unless he
submits voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction

20. Causative HELP

Remembe that HELP can be used as a causative. With
HELP, a person assists another person to do it
S

HELP

someone

Verb word
infinitive

He

Is helping

Me

type

My paper

He

Is helping

Me

To type

My paper

Examples
Inc : Her husband alway helps her that she does the
laundry
Co : Her husband alway helps her do the laundry
or
Her husband alway helps her to do the laundry

Exercises
In partnership with John D. Rockefeller, Henry
Flager ... The Standard Oil Company
A.Helped forming
B.Helped form
C.He help form
D.Helping to form
Doctors agree that the fluid arround the spinal cord
helps the nourish the brain

Problems with conditionals

Conditionals are statements with if or unless. They are
opinions about the conditions (circumstances) that
influence results, and opinions about the results.
There are two kinds of conditionals. In most grammar
books, they are called real or factual conditionals
unreal or contrary-to-fact conditionals. Factual
conditionals express absolute, scientific facts,
probable results, or possible results. Contrary-to-fact
conditionals express improbable or impossible

21. Factual conditionals absolute, scientific

results
Remember that absolute conditionals express
scientific facts. Will and verb word expresses the
opinion that the result is absolutely certain.
If
If

S
A catalyst

V
(present)
Is used

V (present)

The
reaction

occurs

will

Verb
word

The
reaction

will

occur

More
rapidly

or
If
If

S
A catalyst

V
(present)
Is used

More
rapidly

Examples:
In
: If water freezes, it has become a solid
C
: If water freezes, it becomes a solid
or
If water freezes, it will become a solid
In
: if light strikes a rough surface, it diffused
: if light strikes a rough surface, it diffuses
or
: if light strikes a rough surface, it will diffuse

Exercises:
If water is heated to 212 degrees F, . As steam
A.It will boil and escape
B.It is boiling and escaping
C.It boiled and escaped
D.It would boil and escape
If a live sponge is broken into pieces, each piece would
turn into a new sponge like the original one

22. Factual Conditionals-Probable Results for the

future
Remember that will and a verb word expresses the
opinion that the results are absolutely certain. In
order of more to less probable, use the following
modal: will, can, may
If

Will,
can, may

Verb
word

If

we

find

Her
address

we will

write

Her

we

will

write

her

If

find

Her
address

we

Examples
In
: If they have a good sale, I would have stopped
by on my way home
C
: If they have a good sale, I will stop by on my
way home
Or
I will stop by on my way home If they have a good sale

If services are increased, taxes

A.Will probably go up
B.Probably go up
C.Probably up
D.Going up probably
If you dont register before the last day of regular
registration, you paying a late fee

23. Factual conditionals Possible Results

Remember that although a past verb is used, the
opinion is for future time. In order of most possible
to least possible, use the following modals: would,
could, might
If she found her address, we would write her
could
might
We would write her if we found her address

Examples
In
: If jims family meet Karen, I am sure that they
would like her
C
: If jims family met Karen, I am sure that they
would like her
In
: If Judy didnt drink so much coffee, she
wouldnt have been so nervous
C
: If Judy didnt drink so much coffee, she
wouldnt be so nervous

Exercises
If Americans ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their
general health
A.Be
B.Will be
C.Is
D.Would be
If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur

24. Factual conditionals probable changes in

Past Results
Remember that the speaker or writer is expressing an
opinion about the result of the past under different
conditions or circumstances. In order of the most to
the least probable, use the following modals : would,
could, might
Example:
If we had found her address we would have written her

According to some historians, if Napoleon had not

invaded Russia, he the rest of Europe
A.Had conquered
B.Would conquer
C.Would have conquered
D.Conquered
If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth,
man would have evolved quite differently

25. Contrary-to-fact conditionals Impossible

Result were
Remember that the verb BE is always were in
contrary-to-fact conditionals
Example
If the party were on Friday, we could go

Examples:
In
: If my daughter is here, I would be very happy
C
: If my daughter were here, I would be very
happy
In
: This apartment be perfect if it were a little
larger
C
: This apartment would be perfect if it were a
little larger

If humans were totally deprived of sleep, they

hallucination, anxiety, coma, and eventually, death
A.Would experience
B.Experience
C.Would have experienced
D.Had experienced
If we were to consider all of the different kinds of
motion in discussing the movement of an object, it is
very confusing, because even an object at rest is
moving as the earth turns

26. Contrary-to-fact conditionals Change in

Conditions Unless
Remember that there is a subject and verb that
determines the change in conditions after the
connector unless
Examples
Luisa wont return unless (IF) she gets a scholarship

Examples:
In
: I cant go I dont get my work finished
C
: I cant go unless I get my work finished
In
: Dean never calls his father unless needs money
C
: Dean never calls his father unless he needs
money

Exercise
Football teams dont play in the Super Bowl
championship ---- either the National or the
American Conference
A.Unless they win
B.But they win
C.Unless they will win
D.But to have won
Usually Boy cannot become Scout Boys unless
completed the fifth grade