Parts of the

Reproductive organ
FEMALE

THE OVARIES. The ovaries are two

almond-shaped structures measuring
about 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters) in
length. They are located on each side
of the pelvis, one at the end of each
fallopian tube.

 Within each ovary are many tiny

saclike structures called ovarian
follicles. An ovary contains several
hundred thousand of these follicles,
which are present from birth.

 Each follicle consists of an

immature or developing egg
called an oocyte surrounded
by one or more layers of cells
called follicle cells..

During a woman's life,

however, only about 360 to
480 ovarian follicles will
produce mature eggs or ova

THE UTERUS. The uterus, or

womb, is a hollow, muscular
chamber shaped like an
upside-down pear. An average
uterus measures about 3
inches (7.6 centimeters) in
length and 2 inches (5
centimeters) in width.

It weighs approximately between 1

and 1.4 ounces (30 and 40 grams)

The uterus lies in the pelvis

between the urinary bladder and
rectum and is anchored in place
by various ligaments.

The part of the uterus above where the

fallopian tubes attach is called the
fundus. The body is the large central
portion. The narrow, lower end that
projects a short distance and opens
into the vagina is called the cervix.

The thick wall of the uterus is composed of

two main layers: the myometrium and the
endometrium. The myometrium, the outer
layer, is made of smooth muscle cells
(among the strongest in the body) that are
interwoven to allow the uterus to expand to
accommodate a growing fetus and to
contract to force the fetus out at the end of
pregnancy.

The endometrium, the inner layer,

provides a site for a fertilized egg to
attach to receive nourishment during
its development. If an egg is not
fertilized, the endometrium sloughs
off or is shed during the regular
menstrual cycle.

THE VAGINA. The vagina is a muscular tube

extending from the uterus to the genitalia. It lies
parallel to the rectum. The vagina serves as a
exit for menstrual fluids, receives the penis
during intercourse, and forms the birth canal
through which the fetus passes at the end of
pregnancy. Normally, it measures about 4
inches (10 centimeters) in length, but to
accommodate all of its activities, its length and
width vary widely.

 The external opening of the vagina

(vaginal opening) is usually partially
covered by a thin membrane called
the hymen. This membrane is
usually ruptured or broken during a
women's first sexual intercourse, by
the use of tampons during the
menstrual period, or during a sports
activity.

 Bacteria normally exist in the

vagina, living on nutrients found in
the mucus secreted by the cervix.
They are quite beneficial. Through
their activities, they create an acidic
environment in the vagina that
inhibits or prevents the growth of
pathogens (disease-causing
organisms).

FALLOPIAN TUBES. The

fallopian tubes, also called
uterine tubes, connect the
ovaries to the uterus. Each
fallopian tube is about 4 inches
(10 centimeters) in length and
extremely narrow.

 The end of the tube that attaches

to an ovary has fingerlike
projections called fimbriae that
partially surround the ovary. The
inner surfaces of the tubes are
carpeted with cilia

 FEMALE GENITALIA. In
females, the external sex organs
are collectively called the vulva.
The parts making up the vulva
include the mons pubis, labia
majora and minora, clitoris, and
greater vestibular glands.

 At the top of the labia minora

(above the urethral opening) lies
the clitoris. A small protruding
mass of erectile tissue, it is
similar to the male penis. During
sexual arousal or excitement, the
sensitive clitoris becomes
engorged with blood,

. Located in the floor of the

vestibule on either side of the
vaginal opening are a pair of
glands called the greater vestibular
glands. During sexual arousal,
these glands secrete a mucus that
lubricates the lower portion of the
vagina.

The mons pubis is the

prominent fatty bulge at the top
of the vulva. Beginning at
puberty, this area is covered
with pubic hair. Running down
from the mons pubis are two
hair-covered skin folds or flaps
called the labia majora.

They enclose two delicate, hairfree skin folds called the labia
minora. The area within the
labia minora, referred to as the
vestibule, contains the openings
of the urethra (through which
urine passes) and the vagina.

 MAMMARY
GLANDS. Mammary glands
are found in the breasts of
both women and men.
Mammary glands are modified
sweat glands that are actually
part of the integumentary
system (skin).

 Although not directly involved

in the reproduction process,
mammary glands play an
important role in providing
nourishment for a newborn baby
and their activities are controlled
by hormones of the reproductive
system.

 On the outside of each breast,

slightly below center, is a
darkened, reddish brown area
called the areola. In the center
of the areola is a small
protruding nipple.

 Within each mammary gland

are 15 to 25 lobes radiating
inward from the nipple. Within
each lobe are chambers
containing alveolar glands,
which produce milk after a
woman has given birth.

 . Lactiferous ducts carry milk

from the alveolar glands to small
openings on the surface of each
nipple. The milk is a mixture of
water, proteins, fats, sugars, salts,
and enzymes that have immune
properties.
.

When a baby suckles a mother's

nipple, nerve impulses are sent to the
mother's hypothalamus. It then signals
the posterior portion of the pituitary
gland to secrete the hormone
oxytocin. The hormone stimulates the
contraction of the muscle cells around
the lactiferous ducts, causing the
ejection of milk through the nipple

HhHormonal control of
timing of reproductive
cycle

Estrous cycle characteristics of most

mammals
Females are receptive to males only to
brief periods of estrus or heat.
Ends with simply reverting to its
original state.

Cyclic reproductive patterns

Menstrual cycle characteristics

only of anthropoid primates
Ends with breakdown and
discharge of the inner portion of
the uterus

GGonadal Steroids
and their control

Gonadal steroids and their control

The ovaries of female produce two

steroids sex hormones:
(estrogen and progesterone)
Estrogen responsible for development
of female accesory sex structures
(oviducts , uterus , and vagina ) and
for stimulating female reproductive
activity..

Essential for behavioral and functional

success of reproduction, estrogen also
controlled skin coloration bone
development, body size and, in
mamals.
Both estrogen and progesterone are
responsible for preparing the uterus to
ecieve a developing embryo.

Anterior pituitary gonadotropins

follicle-stimulting hormone (FSH)
and lutenizing hormone (LH) THESE
ARE LOCATED IN
HYPOTHALAMUS it controlled the
hormones.

THE MENSTRUAL
CYCLE

Menstrual cycle

The menstraul cycle is consist of two distinct

phrases within the ovary: Follicular and the
luteal phase
Three distinct phase in the uterus are:
menstrual phase ,proliferative phase
and secretory phase

Menstrual produce menstrual

discharge
Three Distinct phrases within the
uterus: menstrual cycle- part of the
lining of the uterus degenerates and
sloughs off and producing menstrual
discharge. proliferative phase and
secretory phase

Hormones of Human
Pregnancy and Birth

Ampullawhereoffertilization
occurs
the
Hormones
human pregnancy
andin
birth
first third of the uterine tube.
Zygote travels from ampulla to uterus
Blastocyst is form through mitosis. The
developing blastocyst adheres to the uterine
surface after about 6 days and embed itself to
the endometrium. This process is called
implantation.

Embryonic stage has three distinct tissue:

Amnion
Embryo proper
Chorion: the source of human
chronic gonadotropin which
appears in the bloodstreams soon
after implantation

Placenta forms the between

tropoblast and uterus point of
attachment.
It serves also as the transfer of
material between maternal and
fetal bloodstreams, serves also
as endocrine gland.

Mammary glands for secretion of milk

Prolactin and human placenta lactogen
produced by anterior pituitary gland ,but
in non pregnant woman its secretion is
inhibited.
During pregnancy elevated levels of
progesterone and estrogen depress the
inhibitory signal and begins to appear in
blood to prepare the mammary gland for
secretion.

Relaxin this hormone allows a

expansion of the pelvis by increasing
flexibility of the pubic symphysis, and
also dilates the cervix in preparation
for delivery.
Parturition (labor) - begins with the
series of strong, rhythmic contractions
of the uterine musculature.

Oxytocin- stimulates uterine smooth

muscle, leading to stronger and more
frequent labor contractions.

Child birth occurs three stages:

Frist stage the cervix is enlarged by
pressure from the baby in its bag of
amniotic fluid which may be
raptured (dillation)

Second stage the baby is forced out of

the uterus and through the vagina to
the outside
(expulsion)
Thrid stage , the placenta or
afterbirth ,is expelled from the
mothers body usually within 10
minutes after the baby is born
(prenatal delivery)

After birth secretion of milk is

triggered when the infant sucks on its
mothers nipple. This leads to reflex
release of oxytocin from the posterior
pituitary.contraction of smooth
muscles lining ducts and sinuses of
the mammary glands and ejection of
milk.

HUMAYO KAYO`T
MAGPAK ARAMI