THE LECTURE ON BRAIN

2013
A SHORT OVERVIEW
HAMIADJI

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM
The Brain (Encephalon)
includes:
1. The Cerebrum that
contains;
- The Telencephalon
(cortex, white matter and
basal nuclei)
2. The Diencephalon (dorsal
thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus, and
subthalamus)
3. The Brainstem
pons, and
5. (midbrain,
The Cerebellum
(lobes and
medulla oblongata)
vermis)
from the(lobes
roof of
the
4.Develops
The Cerebellum
and
metencephalon
Vermis)

INTRODUCTION
The following will be
discussed:
1. Cerebral Cortex
2. Basal ganglia (nuclei)
3. Cerebral white matter

Cortex

White Matter

Basal Nuclei

I. THE LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM

III. THE MAIN CORTICAL FUNCTIONAL

AREAS

Wernickes area = Br22 + Br39

III. THE MAIN CORTICAL FUNCTIONAL

AREAS

Primary sensory cortex --- postcentral gyrus --- Br. 1, 2, 3

Primary visual cortex
--- both sides of calcarine sulcus
--- Br. 17
Primary auditory cortex--- transverse gyri of Heschl --- Br.
41, 42
Olfactory cortex--- area of the uncus --- Br. 28
Motor cortex --- precentral gyrus --- Br. 4
Motor speech area (Brocas area) --- Br. 44, 45
Frontal eyefield --- Br. 6 - 8
Auditory association cortex (Wernickes area) --- Br. 22, 39
Integration center --- Br. 5, 7, 40
Visual association cortex --- Br. 18, 19

Note: Lesion to the Wernickes area results in Receptive

aphasia (alexia)
Lesion to the Brocas area results in Expressive aphasia
(agraphia)

IV. THE HOMUNCULI OF PENFIELD

Representation of the
body on the cerebral
cortex.
Motor homunculus
Sensory homunculus

THE HOMUNCULI OF PENFIELD

LARGE representation of a
body part means many
neurons are controlling that
part (many small motor units)
& sensory neurons

Face many
expressions &
sensations
Hand many fine
movements &
sensations

V. LEFT AND RIGHT

HEMISPHERES
The left hemisphere has
been called the dominant or
major hemisphere --verbal and analytical
abilities
The right hemisphere has
been called nondominant or
minor hemisphere --nonverbal and artistic
expressions

VI. THE CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER

Association fibres connecting areas

same hemisphere
Commissural fibres connecting areas
opposite hemisphere
Projection fibres connecting areas
with spinal cord & vv.

VII. THE BASAL NUCLEI (GANGLIA)

Basal ganglia in red

Diencephalon in green

VII.
THE
BASAL
NUCLEI
(GANGLIA)
HT. 2009.
Basal ganglia in red

Diencephalon in green

VII. THE BASAL NUCLEI (GANGLIA)

HT. 2009.

NAME THE BASAL GANGLIA (NUCLEI)

Head of Caudate nucleus

Claustrum
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Lentiform
nucleus

Tail of Caudate nucleus

Amygdala (in temporal lobe)
Function of Basal nuclei : Planning of motor
movements

HT. 2009.

VII. THE BASAL NUCLEI (GANGLIA)

PLEASE ORIENTATE YOURSELVES

ON THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES

VENTRICLES

Head of Caudate nucleus

Claustrum
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Lentiform
nucleus

Tail of Caudate nucleus

Amygdala (in temporal lobe)
or Amygdaloid body

THALAMUS

DIENCEPHALON
Epithalamus
Dorsal thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

INTRODUCTION
DIENCEPHALON

The Diencephalon
(green) develops from
the Proscephalon and is
hidden in the Cerebrum

ASSOC PROF. HAMIADJI T. 2411-2011.

Diencephalon
The Diencephalon is the
part of the Cerebrum
that is hidden.
The Diencephalon is the
crossing point of
the cerebral cortex,
pituitary gland, and the
spinal cord.

Diencephalon
On a sagittal section of the cerebrum
the borders of the diencephalon are:
Choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle
Habenular commissure
Epihysis (pineal body)
Posterior commissure
. A hypothetic line .
Mammillary body
Tuber cinereum
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
Optic chiasm
. A hypothetic line .
Interventricular foramen (Monroe)

Diencephalon

The diencephalon is
Dorsal thalamus
divided into 4 parts:
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus (dorsal) &
Metathalamus
3. Hypothalamus
4. Subthalamus
Hypothalamus

Epithalamus forms the roof of

Diencephalon & includes:
Striae medullaris thalami
Habenula & habenular commissure
Peneal body
Posterior commissure

Epithalamus

Thalamus

Is the largest subdivision

of the diencephalon.
Is a major integrated
station that is
intercalated between
many subcortical
structures.
All sensory impulses
except olfaction are
relayed before reaching
the cerebral cortex.
Is an ovoid structure at
the side of the 3rd
ventricle (small
anteriorly; big
posteriorly).
Lateral surface related
to the internal capsule.
Medial surface related to
3rd ventricle.
Superior surface related

Thalamus
The thalamus consists
chiefly of gray
substance.
Its gray substance is
incompletely
subdivided into three
partsanterior,
medial, and lateralby
a white layer, the
medial medullary
lamina.
Phylogenesis:
anterior
Fibres
(axons
& medial (old); lateral nuclei
(new)
dendrites) coming into
and out are called

NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS

8
Amygdaloid complex &
Temporal neocortex
Prefrontal cortex

Mammillothalami
c tract, fornix
Cingulate gyrus

Basal ganglia
Area6 & difuse
frontal cortex
Areas 18, 19
Inferior parietal
lobule

Cerebellum &
Basal ganglia
Area 4

Medial lemniscus &

Spinal lemniscus
Area 3,1 & 2

Trigeminothalamic
tract
Area 3,1 & 2

Optic tract
Area 17

Inferior colliculus
&Lateral lemniscus
Area 41, 42

NUCLEI OF THE THALAMUS

Structure /
Nuclei

Function

Destination

Anterior group

Part of limbic
system

Cingulum

Medial group

Integrates sensory
info.

Frontal lobe

Ventral group

Projects sensory
info.

Primary sensory
cortex

Posterior group /
pulvinar

Integrates sensory
info.

Association areas of
cortex

LGB

Projects visual info.

Visual cortex

MGB

Projects auditory
info.

Auditory cortex

Subthalamus

1
3

Flanks the hypothalamus laterally and thus is not

visible, is a significant subcortical station in the
motor activities of voluntary muscles.
Functionally it belongs to the extrapyramidal
system
Lesion results in hemiballism. An involuntary,
forcefull, sudden, purposeless movement of
contra-lateral half of the body.
Assoc. Prof. dr. Hamiadji T.
25.11.20011.

Hypothalamus
Separate lecture

THANK YOU

1
4

HT. 2009.

THE BRAINSTEM
A FIXED LEARNING MODULE
COMPILED BY
Assoc Prof dr Hamiadji Tanuseputro

HT. 2009.
STUDY THE
BRAINSTEM
LONGITUDINALLY

HT. 2009.

THE BRAINSTEM

DESCRIBE THE RHOMBOID

FOSSA

Rhomboid Fossa (fossa rhomboidea; floor of the fourth ventricle)

The anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the
rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons
and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN

HT. 2009.

Midbrain

Pons
Medulla

HT. 2009.

CRANIAL NERVES NUCLEI

III
TRY TO IDENTIFY
THE RESPECTIVE
CRANIAL NERVES.

IV
V
VI
VIII

VII

IX

XI

HT. 2009.

CRANIAL NERVES NUCLEI

III
IV

VIII
XII

VII
VI
IX
X
XI

TRY TO IDENTIFY
THE RESPECTIVE
CRANIAL NERVES.

HT. 2009.

NOTES

NOTES:
* From the brainstem emerge cranial nerves III to XII.
* The brainstem is located inferior to the Tentorium Cerebelli.
* The brainstem is the site of crossing of the Cerebrum (rostrally),
the Cerebellum (dorsally) and the Spinal Cord (caudally).
* The brainstem is the site of communication of the Subarachnoid
space and the Ventricular System through the foramina of
Luschka & Magendie.
* The brainstem contains the Vital Centres (reticular system).

HT. 2009.

THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

DESCRIBE
THE CSF
CIRCULATION

That portion of the fluid formed in the lateral ventricles escapes by

the foramen of Monro into the third ventricle and thence by the
aqueduct into the fourth ventricle. Likewise an ascending current
of fluid apparently occurs in the central canal of the spinal cord;
this, representing a possible product of the ependyma, may be
added to the intraventricular supply.

HT. 2009.

THANK YOU
A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a
crushed spirit dries up the bones.
The fear of the Lord teaches a man
wisdom, and humility comes before
honour.
Many are the plans in a mans heart, but
it is the Lords purpose that prevails.
Assoc. Prof. dr. Hamiadji T.
25.11.2011