RMCT 11 Data Analysis BTM

Research Methods in Computing
and Technology
CT098-3.5-2
DATA ANALYSIS
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Analysing Quantitative Data
Techniques
Considerations for quantitative data analysis
CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology
02 Research & Literature Searches
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Explain quantitative data and quantitative
analysis techniques
Describe the various considerations for
quantitative data analysis
Quantitative Data
Raw form
Convey little meaning to most people
Numerical data
Should help to
Answer research questions
Meet research objectives
Needs to be analysed and interpreted

quantitative analysis techniques
Quantitative Analysis Techniques

Examples:
Creating simple tables or diagrams that show
frequency of occurrence
Use statistics to enable comparisons
Complex statistical modelling
Considerations for quantitative

analysis
Type of data
Format data will be input to the analysis
software layout
Impact of data coding on subsequent
analyses
Need to weigh cases
Methods used to check data for errors
Type of data
Categorical
Descriptive
Quantifiable
Ranked
Internal /
Ratio Data
Continuous /
Discrete
Data
Categorical Data
cannot be measured numerically
can be classified into sets (categories) according
to characteristics
can be placed in rank order
can further be subdivided into descriptive
(nominal data) and ranked (ordinal data)
Descriptive Data
Aka nominal data
Eg: Categorising Cars
Impossible to define category numerically / rank
it
Counts the no. of occurrences in each category
Categories should be unambiguous / discrete
If only 2 categories : male / female
dichotomous data
Ranked Data
Aka ordinal data

More precise form of categorical data
Know the relative position of each case
Eg: Ranking / scale questions
Type of data
Categorical
Descriptive
Quantifiable
Ranked
Internal /
Ratio Data
Continuous /
Discrete
Data
Quantifiable Data
Values are measured numerically as quantities
More precise than categorical
Can assign each data value a position on a
numerical scale
Interval / Ratio Data

Interval data :
Yesterday = 20 deg C
Today = 30 deg C
Difference = 10 deg C not 1.5 degrees warmer
Ratio data:
Last year = RM3 m
This year = RM6 m
Ratio = double
Continuous / Discrete Data

Continuous data :
values that can take any value
Eg: length of service, temperature of furnace,
Discrete data :
can be measured precisely
Eg: no. of customers
What factors determine the most

appropriate statistical techniques?
Research objectives / questions / purpose of
your study
Measurement scales you used in your
research instrument
Research design of your studies.
Quick Review Question

Differentiate between
Interval and ratio data

Continuous and discrete data
Descriptive and ranked data
Provide appropriate examples to
illustrate the differences
Data Layout
Data is usually stored in matrix / table
format
Coding
All data types should be recorded using
numerical codes
Quicker use numeric keypad less errors
Subsequent analyses more straightforward
Coding quantifiable data

Actual numbers are used
Recoding e.g. Salary entered as
quantifiable discrete data then re-coded as
categorical ranked data
Coding
Coding categorical data
Need to design and use a coding scheme
encouraged to use existing coding scheme. Why?
Saves time
Normally well tested
Allows comparisons with other (larger) surveys
Include on data collection form as pre-set

codes (limit the number of categories)
Coding
Coding after data collection - necessary
unclear of likely responses
Large number of possible responses in the
coding scheme
Codebook = develop coding scheme after

collecting from 50 100 cases
Coding
Coding missing data
Used to indicate why data are missing
Data optional not required from every participant
skip generated by a filter question
Non-response respondent refuse to answer
Respondent did not know the answer / have an
opinion
Respondent missed a question by mistake
Respondents answer unclear
Coding
Special code for missing data different codes for
different reasons for missing data
Not missing data leaving part of a question in a
survey blank indicates an answer
Entering data
Ensure data entered correctly - GIGO
Data analysis software
algorithms that check the data for obvious
errors
Allows researcher to attach labels to each
variables and the codes associated with each
of them
Reduces misinterpretation when analysing data
Checking for errors

Methods to check data for errors:
illegitimate codes
only certain numbers are allocated. Others = errors
Use o or O instead of 0 (zero)
Illogical relationships
Higher managerial occupation manual work
Rules in filter questions

Other responses should be coded as missing data
Weighting cases
1. Calculate the % of the population responding
for each stratum
2. Establish which stratum has the highest % of
the population responding
3. Calculate weight for each stratum:
highest proportion population responding for
any stratum /proportion of population
responding in stratum for which calculating
weight
4. Apply the appropriate weight to each case

Describe what a researcher would need to
consider when doing a quantitative analysis
To show specific values
To show highest and lowest

(categorical and discrete data)

(categorical and discrete data)

(continuous data)
Histograms with even class intervals

(continuous data)
Histograms with uneven class intervals


(continuous data)
Frequency polygon
To show trend
Line graph
To show proportions
Pie Chart
To show distribution
(Continuous data)
Frequency polygon
Histogram
To show distribution
(Discrete data)
Frequency polygon
Bar chart
Positively / Negatively Skewed
Symmetrically Skewed
(Normal Distribution)
Box plot
Comparing variables show

specific values and
interdependence
Contingency table / cross-tabulation
Comparing variables compare

highest and lowest values
Multiple bar chart


proportions
Percentage component bar chart

trends
Multiple line graph


totals
Stacked bar chart


proportions and totals
Comparative Proportional Pie Charts


distribution of values
Multiple frequency polygons


Multiple bar charts


Multiple box plots
Comparing variables show

relationship between cases for
variables
Scatter graph

Explain when and why you would use each of the following
charts / graphs / tables when analysing quantitative data:
Scatter graph
Multiple frequency polygons
Contingency table
Stacked bar chart
Histogram
Question and Answer Session
Q&A

RMCT 11 Data Analysis BTM

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Research Methods in Computing

Topic & Structure of the lesson

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

Needs to be analysed and interpreted

02 Research & Literature Searches

Quantitative Analysis Techniques

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

Considerations for quantitative

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Aka ordinal data

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Interval / Ratio Data

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Continuous / Discrete Data

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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What factors determine the most

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Quick Review Question

Interval and ratio data

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Coding quantifiable data

02 Research & Literature Searches

Include on data collection form as pre-set

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Codebook = develop coding scheme after

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

02 Research & Literature Searches

CT098-3.5-2 Research Methods in Computing & Technology

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Checking for errors

Rules in filter questions

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02 Research & Literature Searches

Quick Review Question