Life is like riding a bicycle,

To keep your balance,

you must keep moving...
-Albert Einstein

CHE 135 | PLANT SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH

CHAPTER 2
TOXICOLOGY
By: MUHAMMAD IMRAN ISMAIL
PENSYARAH, FAK. KEJ. KIMIA

Lecture 2.1

Chapter1: Introduction to hazard and risk (W1-2)

Chapter 2: Toxicology (W3-4)
Chapter 3: Industrial hygiene (W5)
Chapter 4: Safety legislation and regulations (W6-7)
Chapter 5: Hazard identification (W8-9)
Chapter 6: Hazard and risk assessment (W10-11)
Chapter 7: Emergency planning (W12-13)
Chapter 8: Process safety management (W14)

Chapter 2
Toxicology
Entering and elimination route of toxicants from
biological organisms
- Lecture 2.1
Effects of toxic - Lecture 2.2
Dose versus response model - Lecture 2.3
Threshold limit value

- Lecture 2.4

Outlines of Presentation
Part 1
5

Introduction
How toxicants enter
biological organisms
How toxicants are
eliminated from
biological organisms

Learning Outcomes

The student should be able to:

Define toxic substance and toxicology.
Describe the entering and elimination
route of toxicants from biological
organisms.
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Introduction : Toxicity

Fundamental Principle of Toxicology

There are no harmless substance, only harmless
ways of using substances.

Toxic

Toxic substance
Is one that has a negative effect on the health of a person

or an animal

Toxicology
Is a qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse

effects of toxicants (chemical, physical or biological agents)

on biological organism (people, animal and environment)

Toxicity
Toxicity is the ability of a material to do harm
when it reaches a certain concentration.
The level of toxicity depends on QUANTITY or
DOSE.
The toxicity of a chemical depends on the
degree of exposure and absorption.

Source of Toxicants

Toxic Release
Vapour/gas/liquid release from source

Fire and Explosion

Fire and radiation
Toxic release following explosion

How toxicants enter biological organisms

12

How toxicants enter biological organisms

13

Entry routes of toxic substance

1) Inhalation:
)Airborne toxic substances such as gases, vapors, dust, smoke, fumes,
aerosols, and mist can be inhaled and passed through the nose, throat,
bronchial tubes, and lung to enter blood streams.
)This is probably the easiest way for chemical to enter body

14

Entry routes of toxic substance

2) Adsorption:
A passage through the skin and into the bloodstream. Certain toxic
agents can penetrate the barrier (human skin) through adsorption.

Skin contact is the most common cause of the widespread occupational

disease dermatitis. The eyes are very porous and can easily absorb toxic
vapors that cause permanent eye damage

15

Entry routes of toxic substance

3) Ingestion: An entry through the mouth (swallow). Toxic agents
sometimes contaminated the food/hands, eventually be ingested during
meal.

16

Entry routes of toxic substance

4) Injection: Introduction of a substance into the body by way of a
needle and syringe.

17

Routes of Entry and Health Effects

Inhalation

Ingestion

Skin Absorbed

Injected

EXERCISE : Method for control

Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion

Enforcement of rules on eating, drinking

and smoking
Ventilations, respirators, hoods, and
other personal protective equipment

Injection
Proper protective clothing

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How toxicants are eliminated from biological

organisms

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How toxicant are eliminated from biological organism

Excretion
through kidneys (blood to urine), liver (selectively excrete certain

chemicals indigestive tract to bile), lungs , skin (sweats), hair, nail

or other organ

Detoxification
change the chemical into something less harmful by

biotransformation through liver, can also occur in blood, intestinal

wall, skin, kidney

22

Storage
in fatty tissue. Can create problem when fatty deposits are metabolized
and released the toxic (e.g. during reduced food supply). Also store in
bone, blood, liver, and kidney

Massive exposure to hazardous chemical can damage

major organs (kidney, lung, liver), reduces their ability
to excrete.