ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system utilizes the vascular system as a pathway to disperse
its secretory products. The hormone
are produced in specialized gland, circulate throughout the body and modify
the activity of some other part which
is susceptible to the specific hormone.

HYPOPHYSIS

= Pituitary Gland
Terminology of the pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis : - pars distalis
(Anterior lobe)
- pars tuberalis
- pars intermedia
Neurohypophysis : - Infundibular proc.
(Posterior Lobe)
- Infundibular stalk
media eminance

HISTOGENESIS HYPOPHYSE
The pituitary gland like the adrenal, is an asSociation of two different tissues. The adeno
Hypophysis is derived from an invagination
Of the roof of the stomodeum (oral ectoderm)
Which migrates dorsally as rathkes pouch to
Surround partially the neurohypophysis
(nervous part). The latter is a ventral evagiNation from the floor of the third ventricle of
The brain

HISTOGENESIS HYPOPHYSE
The part tuberalis is an
upward extension of the part
distalis which partially
surrounds the stalk.

HISTOGENESIS HYPOPHYSE
The pars intermedia develops from that
portion of rathkes pouch which
comes in contact with the
infundibular process.It is well defined
in some vertebrates, but poorly
developed or absent in others.The
residual cleft which represent the
remnant of the cavity of rathkes
pouch separates the pars distalis and
intermedia.

ANTERIOR LOBE
Three primary cell types have been described. They are
the only types which can be recognized readly with
HE.
Acidophils :
-approximately 10-12 micro
-discrete granules of uniform size.
-granules stained by eosin, phloxine,azocarmin, and
acid fuchin.
- EM : * acidophilic granules
* relatively uniform size and density
* diameter 350 m
* distribution the pars distalis.

ANTERIOR LOBE
Basophils :
- Are larger
- 15 -20 micro
~
- Cytoplasmic granules
- Granules are much finer, their
maximal diameters 140-200 m
- Basophilic granules stain with
hematoxylin, aniline blue, light green.

ANTERIOR LOBE
Chromophobes :
-relatively little non granular cytoplasm
-recognized as a clump of nuclei with
little or no cytoplasm.

ANTERIOR LOBE
Anterior pituitary cell :
Acidophil : alpha cell : LTH
epsilon cell : STH
Basophil : Beta cell : TSH
Delta cell : FSH,LH,ICSH
Chromophobe : gamma cell : None

POSTERIOR LOBE
-

The infundibular process &

neurohpophsis are composed of
masses of nerve fibers, sweeping
downward from the hypothalamus &
numerous cells called pituicytes

THYROID GLAND
In early embryonic life, the thyroid gland
is derived from the cephalic portion of
the alimentary canal endoderm. Its function is to the synthesize the hormon
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
which stimulate the rate of metabolism
in the body.

THYROID GLAND

Histology structure
-

Thyroid tissue is composed of thousands of follicles

that consist of spheres formed by simple epithelium
whose lumen contains a gelatinous substance called colloid
Follicular cells range from squmous to columnar.
Morphologic appearance of thyroid follicles varies
acording to the
region of the gland and its functional activity.

THYROID GLAND
PARAFOLIKULER CELL = C CELL
Found as part of the follicular epithelium
- Larger than thyroid follicular cells
- Stain less intensely
With EM :
- Large golgi complex
- Small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Long mitochondria
- These cell is their numerous small (100 180 nm)
- Synthesis and secretion calcitonin
- APUD cell
-

PARATHYROID GLAND
Since they are derived from entoderm of the third and
Fourth pharyngeal pouches, aberant gland maybe
found in association with other pharyngeal derivatives,
such as thymus.
MIC :
- Nuclei are larger & stain less intensely than those of
lymphocyte.
- Cytoplasm as extensive as that thyroid cells
- Colloid no iodine

PARATYROID GLAND
It is safe to recognize twomain types :
1. Chief cell = principal cells
2. Oxyphil cell = Colloid cells
CHIEF CELL :
Small polygonal cells
Slightly acidophilic
EM : *irregularly shaped granules
*secretory granules containing
parathyroid hormone

PARATYROID GLAND
OXYPHIL CELL :
- Larger polygonal cells
- Cytoplasm contains many acidophilic
mitochondria
- Function cells is not known

ADRENAL GLAND = SUPRARENAL

The adrenal cortex and medulla from different
germ Layers. The cortex arises from the coelemic
intermediate mesoderm, the medulla consists of
cells derived From the neural crest, from which
sympathetic gangLion cells. Histologic appearance
of the adrenal gland is typical of an endocrine
gland in which cells of both cortex and medulla
are grouped in cords along capillaries.

ADRENAL GLAND = SUPRARENAL

MICROSCOPIS

1). CAPSULE
The collagenous connective tissue capsule that covers the
adrenal gland sends thin septa to the interior of the gland
as trabeculae.The stroma consists mainly of a rich
network of reticular fibers that support the secretory cells.
2). Korteks adrenal
Adrenal cortex can be subdevided into 3 concentric layers
whose limits isp usually not sharply defined in humans :
1. Z. Glomerulosa
2. Z. Fasikulata
3. Z. Retikularis

ADRENAL GLAND = SUPRARENAL

ZONA GLOMERULOSA
-15% of the total volume of the adrenal glands
- Columnar or pyramidal cells
- Are arranged in closely packed
- Rounded, or arched cords surrounded by capillaries
- Glomeruli
ZONA FASICULATA
- Middle zone
- 75% of the total volume of the adrenal glans
- The cells are polyhedral
- Great number of the lipid droplets in their cytoplasm
- Called spogyocytes.

ADRENAL GLAND = SUPRARENAL

ZONA RETIKULARIS
- Innermost layer of the cortex, lies between z. fasciculata and the
medulla
-10% of the total volume of the adrenal glands
- Contains cells disposed in irregular cords
- Cells are smaller
- Lipofuscin pigment granules in the cells are large and quite
numerous.
- Irregularly shaped cells with pyknotic nuclei
ADRENAL MEDULLA
-Composed of polyhedral parenchymal cells arranged in
cords or clumps and supported by reticular fiber network
-membrane limited electron dense secretory granules
-150-350 nm in diameter
-These granules contain catecholamine,epinephrine,norepinepherine
-The secretory granules contain ATP,dopamine & opiatelike peptides.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
The islets of langerhans are multihormonal
endocrine microorgans of the pankreas .In
Sections, each islet consists of lightly stained
Polygonal or rounded cells. The islet cell form
Cords separated by blood capillaries, here
seen as white spaces.
Routine stains or trichrome stains allow the
Recognition of acidophils (alpha),& Basophils
(beta).Using immunocytochemical methods
Four types of cells A,B,D and F.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Cell Types in hums islets of langerhans :
Cell type
Quantity
Posisition
A
20%
periphery
B
70%
Central
D
<5%
Variable
F
rare
variable

H. Produced
Glucagon
insulin
Somatostatin
PP

PINEAL BODY
Is also known as the epiphysis cerebri.
Along with capillaries, they surround the cellular cords and
folicles,forming irregular lobules.several types of cells :
1.
Pinealocytes :
- A slightly basophilic cytoplasm
- Larger irregular or lobate nuclei & sharply defined
nuclei.
- Impregnated with silver appear to have long and
tortuous branches reaching out to the vascular.
2.
Astrcytes :
- Elongated nuclei that stain more heavily than do those of
parenchymal cells.
- between the cords of pinealocytes and in perivascular areas.
- Long cytoplasmic processes that contain a large number of
intermediate filaments 10 nm in diameter.

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