Report In C.P.

12
Group 1 | BSA II-D
Fabellon, E. R.
Halili, P. G. L.
Villavicencio, J. G.
Antonio, S. M.
Gozun, P. C.
Ver, I. T. V.
Reyes, R. A.
Garcia, J. A. F.
Pangilinan, J. E. L.
Magpale, A. V.
Prof: Mary Grace B. Gatan

I. Mango Disease
Management
A.Fruit Diseases
1. Anthracnose

1. Anthracnose
Anthracnose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(perfect stage Glomerella cingulate), is
probably the most important disease of mango
wherever it is grown. It is the limiting factor for
mango production in areas that are wet.

1. Anthracnose
The fungus is ubiquitous and responsible for
many fruit diseases of other tropical fruits such as
papaya, banana, avocado, coffee, and many
others. Although isolates from one host have been
inoculated successfully to other hosts, the
pathogen is basically host specific.

1. Anthracnose
On mango, the fungus affects the inflorescence,
young leaves and branches and fruit.

Symptoms
Inflorescence. All parts of the inflorescence are
susceptible. The disease first appears as small
dark spots that enlarge, coalesce, and eventually
affect the entire panicle under rainy conditions.
Infected flower parts and young fruits fall off the
inflorescence.

Symptoms
Leaves and stems. Infections of young leaves
start as small dark flecks that enlarge to irregular
dark lesions, often with a distinct yellow halo.

Symptoms
Fruit. Infection on young fruits (less than 4-5cm)
appears as dark, irregular, sunken lesions and
causes the fruit to abscise from the panicles.
Infection of larger fruits usually remains latent
(dormant) until the fruit ripens. Lesions are black,
expand rapidly in size, and produce pinkishorange spore masses under wet conditions.

Disease Cycle
The fungus survives between seasons primarily on
infected and defoliated branch terminals and
mature leaves. Conidia are produced in fruiting
bodies, referred to as acervuli, over a wide range
of temperatures and especially under rainy or
humid conditions.

Disease Cycle
Conidia are spread by splashing rain or irrigation
water. They are readily produced on all infected
tissues and serve as secondary inoculum to
spread the disease.

Control
Site selection. The best way of controlling
anthracnose is to avoid planting mangos where
conditions are favorable for disease development.
Mango production is best suited for hot and dry
areas.

Control
Resistant varieties. Select varieties that are
resistant to anthracnose. There are wide
differences in anthracnose resistance among
mango cultivars.

Control
Sanitation. Because the fungus survives from
season to season on diseased branch terminals,
leaves and old flower panicles, sanitizing orchards
by pruning and removing debris from under trees
should reduce inoculum and, therefore, disease
levels.

I. Mango Disease
Management
A.Fruit Diseases
1. Anthracnose
2. Stem End Rot

2. Stem End Rot

In fruit from drier areas, stem end rot may be a
more serious post-harvest disease than
anthracnose in mangoes.

Cause
The fungiDothiorella
dominicana,Phomopsisspp.,Botryodiplodia
theobromaeandLasiodiplodia
theobromaecause stem end rot in mango.

Symptoms
A dark rot develops from the stem end as fruit
ripen after harvest.A dark brown to black rot
begins at the stem end as a dark brown ring and
the rot proceeds towards the other end. The rot
produces dark streaking of the water-conducting
tissues (this symptom distinguishes stem end rot
from anthracnose).

Disease Cycle
These fungi are natural inhabitants on the
branches of the mango tree and grow into the
stem of the fruit before harvest. Fruit placed on
the ground for desapping can also be infected
from the bark, twig litter or the soil.

Control
As water stress during fruit development may
predispose fruit to infection, manage irrigation and
root rot control carefully. Pre-harvest sprays of
fungicides to control bacterial black spot or
anthracnose may reduce the incidence of stem-end
rot in fruit. Prune trees to improve ventilation and
spray penetration. Remove dead branches from
trees.

Control
Avoid harvesting immature fruit. Cool fruit
immediately after harvest and store in wellventilated containers.

Control
Avoid harvesting immature fruit. Use appropriate
registered chemicals for post-harvest treatment to
help to control the disease. Fruit from orchards
with a history of stem end rot losses should be
rejected for long-term storage.

I. Mango Disease
Management
A.Fruit Diseases
1. Anthracnose
2. Stem End Rot
3. Bacterial Black
Spot

3. Bacterial Black Spot

The bacterium that causes black spot is called
Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. It can attack leaves, twigs and fruit.
It is a very serious disease of mangoes. In infected
orchards, chemical disease control is difficult and
on some farms 90% of fruit has had to be
discarded.

Symptoms
Leaf spots are black and raised. They tend to be angular
in shape because they are confined by the larger veins.
Twig and stem lesions are black and cracked and can be
an important means of survival for the black spot
bacterium.
Black scabby spots are formed on fruit, often with star
shaped cracks within them. The spots have water-soaked
margins.

Life Cycle
The bacteria are harbored in stem lesions (cankers)
on seedlings and on bud wood which act as
reservoirs from which the disease can spread to
leaves and fruit. The bacteria may be present without
visible symptoms and may not be detected until the
mango plant has grown. It is in this form that the
bacterium is most likely to be introduced into new
areas.

Life Cycle
The disease can spread from tree to tree in the
field by wind-driven rain or through implements
used for management activities such as pruning.
Infection is favored by warm humid conditions
with intermittent rain.

Control
Use disease-free planting stock.
Prune to remove infected branches (sources of inoculum)
and to improve aeration within the tree.
Practice hygiene such as sterilization of pruning and
harvesting implements.
Provide windbreaks to minimize wind damage (creation
of infection sites) and the spread of the bacterium by
wind.

I. Mango Disease
Management
B. Flower and Leaf
Diseases
1. Powdery Mildew

1. Powdery Mildew
Worldwide, mango powdery mildew is a
sporadic but very severe disease of mango leaves,
panicles, and young fruits; up to 90 percent crop
loss can occur due to its effect on fruit set and
development.

Symptoms
Powdery mildew is primarily a disease of flowers,
young shoots, and young fruits. From a distance, the
infected parts of the tree have a grayish haze resulting
from the of conidia and fungal growth on the surface.
Closer inspection will show a white growth. The fungus
grows primarily on plant surface but obtains its
nutrients from living plant cells through a system of
haustoria that grows within the infected plant cells.

Disease Cycle
The fungus survives in old leaves and branch tips
when young growth is not present on the tree.
Spores spread short distances by wind and long
by infected scion wood. Unlike most fungi, of the
fungus do not require free water or humidity for
germination.

Control
As with any disease, the use of resistant varieties
is the ideal control measure. Varieties vary
considerably in their susceptibility to powdery
mildew.

I. Mango Disease
Management
B. Flower and Leaf
Diseases
1. Powdery Mildew
2. Malformation
Disease

2. Malformation Disease
Mango malformation disease (MMD) is a
fungal disease of mango. It occurs throughout
many mango-production areas in the world.
Mango malformation disease causes abnormal
flower and leaf development, resulting in reduced
plant growth and fruit yield.

2. Malformation Disease
Mango (Mangifera indica) is the only known host
of mango malformation disease.

Causes
Mango malformation disease is caused by specific
species of the fungusFusarium.

Symptoms and Damage

Abnormal, compact development of shoots and
flowers are common signs of mango malformation
disease. Both normal growth and mango
malformation disease-affected growth may be
present on a plant at the same time.

Symptoms and Damage

Shoots
Growing points such as leaf and stem buds
produce misshapen shoots with short internodes
and brittle leaves. The leaves are significantly
smaller than those of healthy plants and re-curve
towards the stem giving a squat, bunchy-top
appearance.

Symptoms and Damage

Flowers
Affected flower stems or panicles are thickened
and highly branched, producing up to three times
the normal number of flowers.

Symptoms and Damage

The flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear
fruit. There are often high numbers of male
flowers compared with perfect flowers. Panicles
may also form dwarfed and distorted leaves
instead of flowers.

Symptoms and Damage

The flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear
fruit. There are often high numbers of male
flowers compared with perfect flowers. Panicles
may also form dwarfed and distorted leaves
instead of flowers.

Symptoms and Damage

Mango fruit
There are no impacts on human health from
mango malformation disease and mango fruit is
safe to eat.

Control
Establish new plantings with pest-free nursery
stock. Grafting or marcot material should never
be taken from an infected orchard. Nurseries
should not be established in orchards affected by
mango malformation disease.

Control
Thorough cleaning of pruning equipment
between trees reduces the spread of pests and
disease.

Control
Ensure that workers, visitors, vehicles and
equipment are decontaminated before they enter
and leave your farm.

I. Mango Disease
Management
B. Flower and Leaf
Diseases
1. Powdery Mildew
2. Malformation
Disease
3. Scab

3. Scab
Mango scab was first described in 1943 from
specimens from Cuba and Florida. Now it is
found in most of the mango growing areas around
the world, including South East Asia. It is
considered a very minor disease in the USA and
the Philippines.

Cause
The cause of the disease is a fungus, Elsino
mangiferae, also called Denticularia maniferae.
This fungus will only survive on living plant
tissue. There are no reports of it affecting other
plants apart from mangoes.

Where Does It Appear?

Mango scab appears in swampy low-lying areas or
on the lower parts of a sloping farm or in areas
where fogs settle. In drier areas, prolonged rain
at flowering and early fruit-set can lead to its
appearance.

Where Does It Appear?

It is also seen in mango nurseries where lush
young tissue, combined with generous irrigation,
provides the right combination of factors for the
appearance of the disease. Small young trees in a
moist environment in an orchard may develop the
disease.

Damage
Newly set fruit develops small black spots.
When affected by several black lesions, the fruit
drops off. Affected fruit remaining on the tree
develops scar tissue which renders it
unmarketable or causes it to be downgraded. In
contrast to anthracnose, the scab lesions do not
expand after harvest, nor develop into a rot.

Damage
Newly set fruit develops small black spots.
When affected by several black lesions, the fruit
drops off. Affected fruit remaining on the tree
develops scar tissue which renders it
unmarketable or causes it to be downgraded. In
contrast to anthracnose, the scab lesions do not
expand after harvest, nor develop into a rot.

Symptoms
Fruit. The most noticeable symptoms are on the
fruit. Small black lesions form on newly-set fruit
and heavily affected fruit falls off. Lesions on
Kensington Pride cultivar fruit which remains on
the tree develop into light brown scabs or scar
tissue, either as small scabs or as large irregular
scars when lesions join up.

Symptoms
Stem, flower and fruit stalk. The most common
symptom on stem tissue is the occurrence of
numerous slightly raised grey oval to elliptical
lesions, 1 to 2 mm in diameter. If the environment
is somewhat dry, the lesions will be black in color
and smaller in size.

Symptoms
Leaves. Common symptoms are brown spots with
haloes, edge lesions, corky lesions on the lower
surfaces of leaves and elongated dark lesions
along main veins under the leaves. In wet
weather, numerous small brown lesions or shot
holes may form on young leaves leading to their
defoliation.

Control
For orchards, it is recommended that protective
copper sprays be applied as soon as the flower
panicles emerge and continue at two to three
weekly intervals up till the fruit has grown to half
size. Weekly sprays of copper fungicides may be
required in mango nurseries to prevent
defoliation, especially in wet weather.

II. Mango Insect Pest

Management

1. Fruit-Spotting Bug
Scientific Name: Amblypelta nitida

1. Fruit-Spotting Bug
Description of adult
Adult bugs are green-brown and about 15 mm
long. When disturbed, they may fly away,
somersault to lower branches or quickly hide on
the plant behind fruit or under leaves.

1. Fruit-Spotting Bug
Immature stages
Fruit-spotting bug eggs are 1.7 mm long and
somewhat triangular with rounded corners in
cross-section, pale green in color when first laid,
turning darker with a slight opalescence as they
age. They are laid singly on flowers, fruit or
foliage. The bugs pass through five nymphal
stages before they become adults. The first instar
is green and black, and has an ant-like

Life Cycle
An adult female lays only a few eggs each day, but
during its life may lay more than 150 eggs. The
eggs hatch in 6-7 days and development from egg
to adult averages around 42 days in summer. The
insects pass through 3-4 generations a year: one
in spring, one or two in summer and one in
autumn. Adults of the autumn generation survive
the winter and begin a new generation when
temperatures increase in spring. The adults tend
to infest certain groups of trees forming 'hot

Damage
Major, frequent pests in certain areas, especially
where orchards are situated close to alternative
native or ornamental hosts.
Both adults and nymphs feed by piercing fruit and
sucking the juice from the tissue. They insert
their long mouthparts into the fruit and in
feeding, exude saliva containing enzymes that
break down the cells of green fruit such as
avocado. This causes deep-set breakdown of

Control
Examine five green fallen fruit under 20 trees
widely spaced throughout the crop. Dissect green
fruit that have fallen from the tree immediately
after fruit set and for a further month.

Control
Cultural
Be aware of the relationship of natural bug
breeding areas to the orchard, and localised
damage. If possible, avoid planting trees close to
areas of scrub.

Control
Biological
A number of egg parasitoids have been recorded,
and assassin bugs and spiders prey upon the
bugs.

Control
Chemical
If bug feeding damage is evident, apply a spray
and repeat 2-3 weeks later if damage continues.
Two sprays should be sufficient, but continue to
monitor fallen fruit and respray if necessary.
Choose a chemical that is less damaging to
parasites and predators.

2. Mango Stem Miner

Scientific Name: Spulerina isonoma

2. Mango Stem Miner

Description
Larvae are white in color with a distinctive
segmented appearance.

2. Mango Stem Miner

Stem blisters- dirty-white colored blisters (20-25
mm in diameter) form at the base of new shoots.
Blisters are formed by larvae feeding under the
epidermis, with the epidermis becoming paper-thin
over time. The layers stay affixed to the stem at the
edges of the blister and mostly remain intact long after
the adult has emerged.
Larvae- white, segmented.

Damage
Where it attacks healthy trees in commercial
growing situations, mango stem miner does not
appear to adversely affect flowering and fruiting.
It does not significantly affect production.

3. Fruit-Piercing Moth
Scientific Name: Eudocimasp.

3. Fruit-Piercing Moth
Description of adult
There are three widely occurring species of fruit
piercing moth:Eudocima salaminia,E. fullonia, E.
jordaniandE. materna.The adult moths are large and
stout-bodied, with a wingspan of 100 mm. The
forewings can be mainly brown, cream or green. Hind
wings are yellow orange, with black patches and
spots.

3. Fruit-Piercing Moth
Immature stages
Larvae are velvety-black. The larvae
ofEudocimaspp. have two large spots (mainly
white with dark centers) on either side of the
body just before the first pair of prolegs.

Life Cycle
Larva feed on native vines for about three weeks,
progressing through five or six stages, or instars,
before forming a dark-brown pupa in a delicate
silk cocoon between webbed leaves. After 2
weeks adults emerge from the pupa.

Damage
Major and sporadic. Several genera of noctuid
moths are fruit piercing but the most damaging
areEudocima fullonia, E. materna, E.
jordaniandE. salaminia.

Damage
Moths feed at night by penetrating the skin of the
ripe or ripening fruit with their strong proboscis and
sucking the juice. Internal injury consists of a
bruised, dry area beneath the skin. Secondary rots
develop at the puncture site. Secondary-moth feeders
often visit fermenting fruit, taking advantage of the
access holes the fruit-piercing moths drill. Early
summer is the most important period.

Control
Not determined, but would depend on individual
fruit value. Nightly inspections with a strong
torch are recommended when fruit is nearing
maturity. The red eyes of the moths will reflect
the light from a torch, aiding detection.

Control
Cultural
Netting trees or bagging fruits is very effective.
Early harvest, where it doesn't jeopardize
maturity standards, will help to reduce losses.

Control
Biological
Several native parasitic wasps are known but
have limited impact during summer.

Control
Chemical
No satisfactory chemical control measure is
known. Hand collection of moths and various
traps have had limited success.

4. Mango Seed Weevil

Scientific Name: Sternochetus mangiferae

4. Mango Seed Weevil

Description of adult
Adult weevils are dark brown to black with grey
markings and are 6-9 mm long. They possess
typical weevil features and a tough exoskeleton.
Adult weevils can live for two years, so even with
a crop failure in one season some weevils can
survive into the following year.

4. Mango Seed Weevil

Description of adult
During flowering the adult weevils leave their
sheltered areas under loose tree bark and litter
under the trees and move into the outer canopy of
the tree to feed on new growth and to mate prior
to egg-laying.

4. Mango Seed Weevil

Immature stages
Eggs are first laid on small young fruit about 30
mm in size. Female weevils lay eggs over a
number of weeks and egg-laying can continue in
the orchard until a month before harvest. The
eggs are elongated and creamy white. The egg
has a protective brown covering with two tiny
tails at one end.

4. Mango Seed Weevil

Immature stages
At laying, the weevil cuts a very small nick into
the fruit and the resulting sap flow covers the egg
case. This helps to protect the eggs and adheres
them to the fruit. Several eggs may be laid on
each fruit and each female can lay up to 15 eggs
per day and up to 300 eggs during the season.

Life Cycle
The time from egg to adult takes 5-8 weeks and
only one generation is produced each year.

Damage
The mango seed weevil is considered a minor pest
as it causes no significant economic damage to
fruit. The minute egg-laying scars are barely
discernable at harvest and the weevil is present
only within the seed. The fine tunnel in the flesh
the young larva causes as it burrows towards the
seed heals, leaving no sign of its earlier presence
in the flesh.

Control
Monitoring for egg-laying on young fruit is the
best way to detect adult activity during fruit
growth. If weevil eggs are detected, chemical
control can be used to reduce weevil populations
to low levels. Treatments timed to coincide with
early fruit set when weevil adults are in the
canopy will give the best results. Target known
hot spots to maximize the benefits of
treatments.

Control
A weevil control program should use three
strategies to control weevil infestation;
quarantine, hygiene and chemical control.

5. Mango Leafhopper
Scientific Name: Idioscopus nitidulusand Idioscopus clypealis

5. Mango Leafhopper
Mango leafhoppers are small (4-5mm long)
insects with a body shape similar to a cicada.
Adults have a greenish-brown body with pale
yellow on top of the head. Nymphs are yellowishbrown with two small red eyes.

5. Mango Leafhopper
The pest usually occurs in high numbers on
mango flowers during the spring and on leaves
during the summer. When disturbed, the adults
jump off the plant with a clicking sound, make a
short flight and settle back on the plant. The
nymphs cannot fly but move rapidly on the plant.

Damage
Leafhoppers are sap suckers. Their feeding and egglaying in flowers causes physical injury and serious
impairment of fruit development. They also secrete a
sticky shiny liquid known as honeydew on which black
sooty mold grows. Sooty mold interferes with
photosynthesis in the leaves, reducing yield. Sooty
mold can also be caused by other commonly occurring
pests such as pink wax scale and mango flatid.

Damage
Overseas, crop losses from this pest have been up
to 50%. Where the pest occurs in commercial
orchards, chemical treatments are often required
to produce good mango crops.

Damage
Overseas, crop losses from this pest have been up
to 50%. Where the pest occurs in commercial
orchards, chemical treatments are often required
to produce good mango crops.

III. Biology of Cecid Fly

Scientific Name: Procantarinia sp.

III. Biology of Cecid Fly

Scientific Name: Procantarinia sp.

III. Biology of Cecid Fly

Common names: Leaf gall midge, Gall fly and
Mango leaf gall
Parts affected: Leaves and fruits
Destructive stage: Larvae, adult

Description
Adults which are mosquito-like in appearance
prefer to lay eggs on new flushes (young leaves).
The larvae, which develop from eggs, mine the
leaves producing galls or swelling tissues. Under
heavy infestations, the leaves wrinkle and remain
yellow.

Description
Close examination of the leaves shows dark green,
circular galls randomly distributed on the leaves blade.
When open, each gall contains yellow larvae of the
cecid fly. When the adults emerged from this galls, the
leaves produce circular spots or holes which are
sometimes mistaken as fungal infections (anthracnose).
The latter, is however, irregular in shape.

Description
While the damage of cecid fly is usually associated with
galling of young leaves, infested fruits produce circular,
brown to black, scab-like spots randomly distributed on
the fruit surface. This damage is commonly called
buti, armalite, and kurikong andsaksak walis by
growers the water soaked spots with contains small,
yellow larvae. Infested fruits retain the scabby lesions
at harvest affecting their quality.

Prevention/Control
Orchard sanitation is important. Clear weedy
areas since adults prefer to stay on these plants.
Young leaves are very attractive for egg laying.
Spraying Sevin, Decis, Karate, and Stingray (3
to 4 tbsp per 16 L of water) will minimize damage.
Spray insecticides in the afternoon, preferably
5:00 to 6:00 pm.

Prevention/Control
Prune crowded branches (particularly irregular
branches) to allow light penetration.
Bag the fruits 55 to 60 days after flower
induction.

References
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/hitahr_04-06-93_20-24.pdf
https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/fruit-and-nuts/mangoes/faqs-aboutmangoes/faqs-about-pests,-diseases-and-problems-of-mangoes

http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Plant_Pest/605.pdf
http://rfcarchives.org.au/Next/Fruits/Mango/MangoSpot7-87.htm
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-46.pdf
https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/health-pests-diseases/a-z-significant/mango-malformationdisease

http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Plant_Pest/709.pdf
https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/plants/fruit-and-vegetables/fruit-and-nuts/mangoes/pests-anddiseases-mangoes

http://americanmushroom.org/?page_id=683
http://mangoproduction.blogspot.com/p/integrated-pest-management.html

-Group 1