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hemorrhagic proliferative
Proventriculitis and gizzard
erosion in commercial broiler
and layer in Kathmandu valley
Dr.Kedar Karki
Background
• A new condition has emerged in
replacements pullets,comercial broilers.
• It affects the birds between 2 to 10 weeks of
age.
• The mortality rate varies between 1 to 10%
and ultimately the flock is left with creation of
several small poorly feathered and pale
chicks.
• Though it has not been possible to establish
the exact cause of this condition,
Background
• The response to the treatment is often
poor .
• Condition has been widely reported in
broilers under various names like
• malabsorption syndrome,
• Infectious Proventriculitis,
• Infectious runting syndrome, pale bird
syndrome .
• Stunting syndrome. Feed Passage,
Observation of flock
Flock size Age/week Morbidity Mortality
• Byproducts of degradation of
amino acids of feed ingredients of
animal origins.
Biogenic Amines,
MOST COMMON ARE:
• Cadaverine
• Tryptamine.
• Histamine.
Biogenic Amines,
• Putrescine.
• Agmatine.
• Tyramine.
• Phenylalamine.
Bacterial infection
• Streptococcus,
• Salmonella,
• Shigella,
• Lactobacillus,
• Escherichia
• Clostridium,:-Transform amino acid
Histadine into Histamine.
Histamine
• Histamine stimulates receptor in
proventriculus glands.
• Increases in hydrochloric acid
secretion.
• Causes superficial Gizzard Erosion.
Gizzerosine in Fishmeal
• Fishmeal potential for causing gizzard
erosion.
• Lesions, Small cracks in gizzard, severe
erosion hemorrhage destruction of organ.
• Histadine or Histamine combine Lysine at
high temperature Gizzerosine formed.
• Ten time more potent than histamine to
stimulate acid production.
Lethal effect of Gizzerosine
• Lethal effect of Gizzerosine when
feed contaminated with
mycotoxins
Vit-B-6 deficiency
• Unusual of Deficiency.
• Supplementation corrects
the Gizzard Erosion.
Infectious cause
• Adenovirus.
• Velogenic/Viscerotropic strain of
N/D Virus.
• Reo virus.
• Avian encephalomyelitis.
• IBD Virus
Other factors
• STARVATION
• DEFICIENCY OF SULPHER
AMINO ACIDS.
Causes of Feed Passage
Syndrome
• Heat Stress
• Dietary Salt Intake
• Coccidiosis
• Ascarids and Cestodes
• Viral Infections
• Bacterial Infections
Causes of Feed Passage
Syndrome
• Mycotoxins
• Biogenic Amines
• Gizzerozine
• Water Quality
• Litter Quality
DIAGNOSIS
• Postmortem Examination.
• Microbiological culture
isolation.
• Histopathological
examination.
Differential Diagnosis
• Differentiate microscopically
lesion caused by microbial
agent from those by non
microbial aetology.
• Lymphoid infiltration in viral
causes.(muscle,gland,serous
layer)
Treatment
• Antibiotic.
• Liver tonics.
• Vitamin B-Complex.
• Immunomodulaters.
Conclusion