DC-DC Converters

Convert a fixed DC Source into a Variable DC Source

DC equivalent to an AC transformer with variable turns

ratio

Step-up and Step-down versions

Applications

Motor Control

Voltage Regulators

ECE 442 Power Electronics

Step-down Operation
Switch

SW is known
as a Chopper
Use BJT, MOSFET, or
IGBT
Close for time t1
VS

appears across R

Open

for time t2

Voltage

across R = 0

Repeat
Period
ECE 442 Power Electronics

T = t 1 + t2
2

Waveforms for the Step-Down

Converter

ECE 442 Power Electronics

Average Value of the Output

Voltage
t

1 1
Va vO dt
T 0
t1

1
Va VS dt
T 0
t1
Va VS ft1VS
T
Va kVS
ECE 442 Power Electronics

Average Value of the Load

Current
Va kVS
Ia

R
R
T period
t1
k dutycycle
T
f frequency
ECE 442 Power Electronics

rms Value of the output

voltage
1
1
VO
T

2
0 vO dt

kT

2
VO
VS dt

T 0

kT

1
2

VO kVS
ECE 442 Power Electronics

If the converter is lossless,

Pin = Pout
kT
1
Pin
T
1
Pin
T

ECE 442 Power Electronics

v idt
O

kT

2
O

v
dt
R

1 VS2
Pin
kT
T R
VS2
Pin k
R

Effective Input Resistance

seen by VS

VS
VS
Ri

I a k VS
R
R
Ri
k
ECE 442 Power Electronics

Modes of Operation

Constant frequency operation

Period T held constant, t1 varied

Width of the pulse changes

Pulse-width modulation, PWM

Variable -- frequency operation

Change the chopping frequency (period T)

Either t1 or t2 is kept constant

Frequency modulation

ECE 442 Power Electronics

Generation of Duty Cycle

Compare a dc reference signal with a saw-tooth carrier

signal

DC Reference Signal

ECE 442 Power Electronics

Carrier Signal

10

Vr
vr k
T

kT

vr Vcr @ t kT
Vr
Vcr kT
T
Vcr
k
M
Vr
ECE 442 Power Electronics

11

To generate the gating signal

Generate

the triangular waveform of period T,

vr, and the dc carrier signal, vcr

Compare
Apply

to generate the difference vc - vcr

to a hard limiter to square off

ECE 442 Power Electronics

12

Step-Down Converter with RL

Load

ECE 442 Power Electronics

13

Mode 1: Switch Closed

di
V Ri L
E
dt
1

i (t)
1

V E
i (t) I e
1 e
R
t t kT
R
t
L

R
t
L

( t 0)

t t (kT )
1

i (kT ) I
1

ECE 442 Power Electronics

14

Mode 2: Switch Open

di
0 Ri L
E
dt
i (t 0) I
2

E
i (t) I e
1 e
R
R
t
L

0 t t (1 k)T

R
t
L

@t t (1 K )T
2

i (t ) I I
2

ECE 442 Power Electronics

1
15

Current for Continuous

Mode

ECE 442 Power Electronics

16

V e 1 E
I

R e 1 R
V e 1 E
I

R e 1 R
TR
z
L
V 1 e e e
I

R
1 e
V
I
4fL
S

kz

kz

kz

(1k ) z

max

ECE 442 Power Electronics

17

For Continuous Current

I 0
1

e 1 E

e 1 V

kz

ECE 442 Power Electronics

18

Define the load emf ratio

E
x
V
E e 1
x

V
e 1
S

kz

ECE 442 Power Electronics

19

Example 5.2
XFG1

J1

1V 0V

L
7.5mH
Vs
220V

D2
DIODE_VIRTUAL
R
5ohm

ECE 442 Power Electronics

20

ECE 442 Power Electronics

21

SPICE Results

ECE 442 Power Electronics

22