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Antenna
An antenna is a region of transition
between a transmission line and space.
Antennas
radiate/couple/concentrate/direct
electromagnetic (EM) energy in the
desired direction.
A radio antenna may be defined as the
structure associated with the region of
transition between a guided wave & a free
space wave, or vice versa.
(A m / s)
where
: time-varying current, A/s
L: length of current element, m
Q: charge, C
: acceleration of charge, m/sq. s
v
Radiation is produced by time-changing
current & accelerated charges.
Pattern parameters
Main beam or main lobe: It is the lobe containing the
maximum radiation.
Minor lobes: They are all the lobes except the major
lobes. They are formed of side & back lobes.
i. Side lobe: It is the lobe that is in the hemisphere in
the direction of the main lobe.
ii. Back lobe: It is the lobe in the opposite (back)
hemisphere of the main lobe.
. Nulls: Places between lobes where the field goes to zero.
. Half
Power
Beamwidth
(HPBW)
or
-3
dB
beamwidth : It is the angular beamwidth at the halfpower level or at the level where field drops to 70.7 %.
. Beamwidth between first nulls (FNBW or BWFN): It
is the angular beamwidth between the first nulls on both
the sides of the main lobe.
E ( , )
E ( , ) n
E ( , ) max
(dimensionless)
S ( , )
Pn ( , ) n
S ( , ) max
(dimensionless)
2
2
S
(
[
E
(
E
where,
( , )] / Z 0
In dB,
(W/sq. m)
dB 10 log10 Pn ( , )
Radiation Patterns
also
Pn ( , ) sin dd
P ( , )d
4
(sr)
where
d sin dd
(sr)
Also,
A HPHP
(sr)
HP ,HPBWs
HP : in two principal planes, neglecting minor lob
BW or HP : Elevation beamwidth
BW or HP : Azimuth beamwidth
U ( , ) max S ( , ) max
(dimensionless)
A M m
The ratio of the main beam area (M) to the total beam
area (A) is called the (main) beam efficiency M.
(dimensionless)
m
m
(dimensionless)
A
From above relations, M m 1
Directivity (D)
The directivity of an antenna is the ratio of
the maximum power density P(,)max to its
average value over a sphere as observed in
the far field of an antenna.
P ( , ) max
D
P ( , ) av
It is a dimensionless ratio 1.
The average power density over a sphere is given by
1
P ( , ) av
4
P( , ) sin dd
0
1
P( , ) av
4
or
P( , )d
4
P ( , ) max
(1 / 4 ) P( , )d
4
1
(1 / 4 ) [ P ( , ) / P( , ) max ]d
4
or
4 ( sr )
D
Pn ( , )d A (sr )
4
D(dB ) 10 log10 D
4 4
D
1
A 4
(= 0 dB)
Also,
as
hence
,
A HPHP
4
4
41,253(deg 2 )
D
A HP HP
HP
HP
Approximately,
40,000(deg 2 )
D
HPHP
Gain (G)
It is an actual or realized quantity which is
less than the directivity due to ohmic losses
in the antenna.
Gain is related to directivity with antenna
efficiency factor asG kD
GD
f k or = 1, i.e. for a lossless antenna,
practice, gain is always less than the directivity D.
1.
Power Gain (Gp): It is the ratio of
radiation intensity in a given direction to the
average total input
U ( , power.
) 4U ( , )
Gp
PT
PT
4
Total input power PT = Pr + Pl
Pr: Radiated power
Pl : Ohmic losses in antenna
Pr
Pr
4
FNBW
Antenna Resolution
2
2
2
hence, D N
Antenna Aperture
In an antenna, it concerns with the area utilized
for reception or radiation of EM waves.
E.EAp
Z
or
E 2 Ap
Z
E
H
Z
(Watts)
ap
Ae
Ap
(dimensionless)
P
S
(m2)
Assuming a uniform
aperture, power
radiated is
E2
P
Z0
Ae
field
Ea
(Watts)
over
the
(Watts)
or
Ea2 Ae Er2 r 2 A
4Ae
so, we get from last equation, D 2
V he E
(volts)
or
V
he
E
(m)
1
he
I0
or
hp
I ( z )dz
0
I av
he
hp
I0
(m)
Relation
between
Effective
aperture & Effective height
For an antenna of radiation resistance Rr matched
to its load, power delivered to the load is
2
V 2 he E 2
P
4 Rr
4 Rr
(Watts)
E 2 Ae
P SAe
Z0
(Watts)
he E 2 E 2 Ae
4 Rr
Z0
on solving,
Rr Ae
he 2
Z0
(m)
and
he2 Z 0
Ae
(m2)
4 Rr
Pt
Sr
4r 2
Pt Gt
Sr
4r 2
or
4Aet
2
Pr Aer Aet
2 2
Pt
r
Aer Aet
Pr Pt 2 2
r
(dimensionless)
(Watts)
Antenna efficiency ()
It is the ratio of the total power radiated by the
antenna to the total power fed to the antenna.
Pr
PT
(dimensionless)
I rms RT RT
or
Rr
Rr
RT Rr Rl
(dimensionless)
G G p Pr Rr
Rr
(dimensionless)
D Gd PT RT Rr Rl
Antenna bandwidth
It is the range of frequency over which an antenna
maintains its certain required characteristics, like
gain, radiation resistance, polarization, front to
back ratio, SWR, impedance etc.
Bandwidth, 2 1
S
SNR
N
If the input signal is already mixed with some
noise (i.e. = Si + Ni), the output obtained is further
modified by the network (i.e. output = So + No).
So, a new parameter called Noise Figure F can
be defined as
Si
F
So
Ni
No
p kTA
(W/Hz)
P kTA B
(W)
Ae
Ae
or
SAe
TA
k
(K)