Origin of criminology

In 1885,Italian law professor Raffaele

Garofalo coined the term criminology.
The French anthropologist Paul
Topinard used it for the first time in
French(criminologie)
around the same time.

Definition
The scientific study of crime ,
criminal behavior and law
enforcement.
The study of the making of laws and
the breaking of laws and reaction to
the breaking of laws.

Study areas of criminology

Crime.
How society respond to crimes.
How crimes can be prevented.
Causes of crimes(psychological ,
hereditary and environmental)
Modes of criminal investigation and
conviction.
Punishment.

Contin------- To analyze the effectiveness of

punishment.
Treatment or rehabilitation.

Schools of thoughts
In the mid 18th century criminology
arose , as social philosophers gave
thought to crime and concepts of
law.
Over the time , several schools of
thought developed all around the
world . The leading schools of
thought are,

Classical school
Developed in mid 18th century.
Based on utilitarian(useful or practical)
philosophy.
People have free will to choose how to act.
Punishment can deter people from
committing crime.
The benefits which are gained through
punishment are more precious than the
punishment awarded.

Contin----- Severity of punishment should fit the

crime.
Classical school of thought came
about a time when major reforms in
penology occurred , with prisons
developed as a form of punishment.
Death penalty is justified.

Chief exponents
Cesare Beccaria
Jeremy Bentham

Arguments by school
People have free will to choose how
to act or people are free to choose
means to satisfy their needs.
Criminal solution may be more
attractive than conventional.
Fear of society , s reaction may
control a person , s criminal behavior.

Contin----- The more severe , certain and swift

the reaction , the better it can control
criminals behavior.
Sufficient punishment is an attractive
choice to prevent crime.

The main stress

The classical school of criminology
stresses that the punishment should
fit the crime committed.

Positivist school
Created in 19th century.
People do not have free will to
choose between different options.
Replacement of punishment by
scientific methods for the protection
of society.
Emphasis on the personality of the
offender instead of crime.
Abolition of death penalty.

Conti.
Criminal behavior is caused by internal
and external factors outside of the
individual control.
Scientific method was introduced and
applied to study human behavior.
Positivism can be broken into three
segments.
Biological
Psychological
Social positivism

Chief exponents
Cesare Lombroso.
Enrico Ferri.

Cesare Lombroso
An Italian prison doctor.
Regarding as father of criminology.
Founder of Italian school of
criminology.
Considered as the founder of criminal
anthropology.

Presumption of Lambroso
During a post-mortem examination
on a notorious out law , he was
struck by an abnormal feature in the
skull which he had noticed also in
some other forms of life.
This prompted him to believe that
animals were different physically
from normal persons and had
physical characteristic of savages
and inferior animals.

Conti
Physiological traits such as,
measurement of ones cheek bones,
hairs line or a cleft plate, considered
to be throwback to Neanderthal
man, were indicative of atavistic
criminal tendencies.

Some of the characteristics linked to

criminal behavior
Deviation in the criminals head size and
shape;
Asymmetry of the face;
Large jaws and cheek bones;
Fleshy lips;
Abnormal teeth;
Receding chin;
Abundant hair or wrinkles;
Long arms and extra fingers or toes;

conclusion
Since many of these characteristics
supported his theory, he concluded
that criminal offenders had physical
characteristics that resembled those
of lower animals, such as monkeys
and chimpanzees.

Continu.

Continu.