SMK Tat Beng Physics Form 4 2.1 Linear Motion

SMK TAT BENG
PHYSICS
FORM 4
2.1 Linear Motion
Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)
Linear motion is motion in a straight line.

Examples of linear motion are:-
A train moving in
a straight line
A car moving in
a straight line
A falling coconut
A moving bullet
Examples of non-linear motion are:-
A snake crawling
A roller-coaster ride
Dynamics is the study of the motion of an object due to a

force.
Kinematics is the study of the motion of an object without
being concerned with the forces which cause the motion.
Linear motion
Kinematics without
consideration of force
Dynamics force are

importance
All physical quantities can be grouped as scalar

quantities and vector quantities.
A scalar quantity is a quantity which has magnitude only.

A vector quantity is a quantity which has both magnitude
and direction.
Scalar
quantity
Example
three steps.
(a) Ali moves three
Magnitude
Unit
Vector
quantity
right
(b) Ali move three
three step to the right.
Magnitude
Unit
Direction
Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Distance
Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object.
Distance does not take into account the direction travelled by the
object.
Distance is thus a scalar quantity.
Displacement
The displacement of an object is the distance of its final position
from its initial position in a specified direction. (jarak yang dilalui
dalam arah yang tertentu)
Displacement is the length of the straight line connecting the two
locations, in a specified direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity.
Both distance and displacement have the same SI unit which is
metre, m.

Example
Figure above shows a school bus travelling from location A to

location H to pick up some students. Find the...
(a) total distance travelled by the bus,
(b) Displacement of the bus

Solution
(a) Distance is defined as the total length of the path travelled from
one location to another.
The total distance travelled by the bus using the path A-B-C-DE-F-G-H
= 160 m + 160 m + 160 m + 160 m + 240 m + 140 m + 80 m
= 1100 m.
(b) Displacement is the length of the straight line connecting the two
locations, in a specified direction.
For the bus travelling from A to
H,
its
displacement
is
determined by measuring the
length of the straight line
connecting A to H and the
direction of H from A as shown
in Figure 2.3 Hence, the
displacement is 180 m, in the
north direction of A.
Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a

vector quantity.
Examples of scalar quantity and vector quantity
Displacement, distance, acceleration, area, velocity, speed

Scalar quantity
Vector quantity
Distance
Displacement
Area
Acceleration
Speed
Velocity

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT
Aspect
Distance
Displacement
Definition
Distance taken with

Total route taken by
consideration of
a motion.
Direction.
Type of
quantity
Vector quantity,
Scalar quantity,
direction & magnitude
with magnitude only.
are importance.
SI unit
Metre (m)
Example 1
Figure above shows a car moving round a big roundabout

which has a radius of 70 m. Calculate...
(a) the distance moved by the car,
(b) the displacement of the car.
Example 1
Solution
(a) The distance moved by the car is the circumference of
circle with radius 70 m.
Circumference = 2r
= 2 x (22/7) x 70m
= 440m
(b)
Consider a car moves from point

A and makes one complete circle.
This means that point A is also
the end point of the motion.
Hence the displacement of the
car is zero.
Example 2
A cow moves 3 m to the east and then 4 m to the north.
Find the...
(a) total distance moved by the cow,
(b) Displacement of the cow
Solution
(a)
(b)
The total distance moved by the cow

= Length of AB + Length of BC
=3m+4m
=7m
Let the starting point of the cow be A and the
end point be C. The displacement is calculated
from A to C, in the direction of AC. The
displacement is 5 m in the direction of AC.
Example 3
Every morning Amirul walks to Boon Hong's house which is
situated 80 m to the east of Amirul's house. They then walk
towards their school which is 60 m to the south of Boon
Hong's house. What is the distance travelled by Amirul and
his displacement from his house?
Solution
Example 3
Solution
Distance travelled by Amirul = Total length of the path travelled
= PQ + QR
= 80 m+ 60 m
= 140 m
Displacement of Amirul
= Distance of Amirul's final position, R from his initial position,P
=
2
2
80
60
m
= 100m
tan = 60 / 80
= 36.9o
The displacement of Amirul is 100 m on a bearing of 90 + 36.9 =
126.9 from his house.
Example 4
If a boy takes 10 s to finish each of the following paths AB, find
the total distance travelled, and the displacement in each case.
(Take = 3.14)
(b)
Solution:
(a) (i) Total distance travelled = (2 + 4 +6+8 + 6 +2)m
= 28 m
(ii) Displacement = the shortest distance between A and B
= (4 + 8) m
= 12 m
Example 4
Solution:
(b) (i) Total distance travelled = ( x 2m) + ( x 4m)
= 18.84m
(ii) Displacement = the shortest distance between A and B
= (2 + 2 + 4 + 4) m
= 12 m
Speed and Velocity
Speed and velocity are physical quantities which measure

how fast an object is moving.
The speed limit on the highway in Malaysia is 110kmh-1.
We cannot travel more than 110km in an hour. But we can
travel in any direction.
An athlete is running towards the checkpoint at a velocity
of 24ms-1. When we talk about velocity, we should indicate
the direction (towards the checkpoint) and also the
magnitude (24ms-1).
Speed is a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector
quantity.
Speed is the rate of change of distance (kadar perubahan
jarak terhadap masa) while velocity is the rate of change
of displacement (kadar perubahan sesaran terhadap
masa).
Speed and Velocity
In mathematical writing:
Total disance travelled , s (m)
Speed
Total time taken, t ( s )
Total displacement , s (m)

Velocity
Both speed and velocity have the same SI unit.

They are measured in ms-1 or metres per second.
Speed and Velocity

The car moves forward at a speed of
2.2 ms-1 or at a velocity of 2.2 ms-1.
The car moves backwards at a speed

of 2.2 ms-1 or at a velocity of -2.2 m s-1
The car is moving round a circle with

an average speed of 44 ms-1,
but the velocity is 0 ms-1.
Comparison Between Speed and Velocity

Aspect
Speed
Velocity
Definition
Rate of change of
distance
Rate of change of
displacement
Type of
quantity
Scalar quantity
Vector quantity
Formula
Speed
Total disance travelled , s (m)
SI unit
ms-1
Velocity
Total displacement , s ( m)
ms-1
Example 5
A man running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his average speed in :(i) ms-1,
(ii) kmh-1
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance
covered?
(c) Another man runs with a speed of 7.5 m s-1, how long did
he take to complete the race?
Solution
total dis tan ce travelled

(a )i. average speed
time taken
60
12
5ms 1
Example 5
Solution
5
( a )ii. Average speed 1000
1
60 x 60
1
18kmh
dis tan ce
(b)i. Speed
time
Dis tan ce speed x time
5x4
200m
dis tan ce
(b)ii. Speed
time
dis tan ce
time
speed
200
7. 5
26.7 s
Example 6
In a 200 m swimming competition. a swimmer takes 12.2 s for
the first lap, 12.6 s for the second lap, 12.8 s for the third lap
and 12.5 s for the fourth lap. One lap is 50 m long. Find the
average speed of the swimmer.
Solution

(a)ii. Average speed
total time taken
200
12.2 12.8 12.6 12.5

1
3.99ms
Example 6
A
cow
walked
along
a
curved
path
from
P
and
ended at Q which is 70 m away from P. Q is at
the
south-west
of
P.
The
distance
travelled
by
cow is 240 m and the time taken is 160 s
Calculate the
(a) Average speed
(b) Average velocity
Of the cow when moving from P to Q
Example 6
Solution
Total distance travelled = 240m
Displacement = 70m
Time taken = 160s

(a)i Average speed
total time taken
240
160
1.5ms 1
total displacement travelled
total time taken
70m
160 s
0.44ms 1
in the south west direction of P
(b) Average velocity
Acceleration and Deceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2

Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Physically, when an object moves faster and faster it is
moving with acceleration.
Object that moves slower and slower is moving with
deceleration or negative acceleration.
Example 7
A runner runs from the starting line and achieves a velocity
of 18 m s-1 in 3 seconds. Calculate his acceleration.
Solution

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
(18 0)ms 1
3s
6ms 2
Example 8
A van accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 15 ms-1 to 20
ms-1 in 2.5 s. What was the acceleration of the van?
Solution
Initial velocity, u = 15 ms-1
Final velocity, v = 20 ms-1
Time take = 2.5 s

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
(20 15)ms 1
2. 5 s
2.0ms 2
Example 8
A car travelling at 24 m s-1 slowed down when the traffic
light turned red. After undergoing uniform deceleration for 4
s, it stopped in front of the traffic light. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
Solution
Final velocity, v = 0 ms-1
Time take = 4 s

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
(0 24)ms 1
4s
6.0ms 2
A negative value
indicates deceleration
Example 9
A car increases its velocity steadily from 72 kmh-1 to 108
kmh-1 in 5 s. What is its acceleration in m s-2?
Solution
u 72kmh 1
v 108kmh 1
72 x 1000
108 x 1000
60 x 60
60 x 60
20ms 1
30ms 1

Acceleration(a)
Time taken(t )
(30 20)ms 1
5s
2ms 2
Example 10
An object moves from rest with a uniform acceleration of 2
m s-2. What is the velocity of the object after 30 s?
Solution
Time take = 30 s
Acceleration = 2 m s-2

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
v u at
0 (2 x30)
60ms 1
Example 11
A car moving at a constant velocity of 30 cm s-1 came to a
stop 6 s after its brakes were applied. What was the
deceleration of the car?
Solution
final velocity, v = 0 ms-1
Time take = 6s

Acceleration(a )
Time taken(t )
(0 30)ms 1
6s
5.0ms 2
Deceleration 5.0ms 2
Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer
A ticker timer is used to study the motion of an object for a short

period of time.
Figure below shows the ticker timer
When the terminals are connected to the a.c. power supply, the
vibrating steel strip (hitter) will vibrate 50 times every second and
make 50 dots a second on a tape being pulled through it.
Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer
The time interval between two consecutive dots (time for

one tick) is 1 / 50 s or 0.02 s.
Method To Calculate time

1 dot
1 dot
C
1 tick
(2 dot form 1 tick)

Time taken from B to C = 1 tick
= 1 x 0.02s
= 0.02 s

A
4 tick (formed by 5 dots)

Time taken from A to E = 4 tick
= 4 x 0.02s
= 0.08 s
A
6tick (formed by 7 dots)

Time taken from A to E = 6 tick
= 6 x 0.02s
= 0.12 s

Time interval = number of dot space x 0.02 s
The ticker timer can be used to determine the...
(a) time interval of motion,
(b) displacement of the object,
(c) velocity of the object,
(d) acceleration of the object,
(e) type of motion of the object.
Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion
Initial
Final
The distance between the dots is the same.

.
It shows that the body is moving with constant speed.

Direction of motion
Initial
Final
The distance between the dots is increasing.

.
It shows that the body is moving faster.

Direction of motion
Initial
Final
The distance between the dots is decreasing.

.
It shows that the body is decreasing.

Direction of motion
Initial
Final
The distance between the dots is short.

.
It shows that the body is moving very slowly.

Direction of motion
Initial
Final
The distance between the dots is long.

.
It shows that the body is moving very fast.
Determination of the Average Speed of a

Trolley by Using the Ticker Timer
18cm
Guide
Solution step
1. Determine the time (the

number of ticks)
Time taken = number of ticks x 0.02

= 9 x 0.02s
= 0.18s
2. Determine the distance

travelled
Total distance travelled is 18cm
3. Speed = Distance / time taken
Speed = 18cm / 0.18s

= 100cms-1
Determination of the Acceleration of a

1cm
5cm
Direction of motion
Guide
Solution step
1. Determine the time of one

part
One part = 2 ticks

= 2 x 0.02s
= 0.04s
2. Find initial velocity, u

= S initial / t initial
u = 1cm / 0.04s
= 25cms-1
Determination of the Acceleration of a

Guide
Solution step
3. Find final velocity, u

= S final / t final
v = 5cm / 0.04s
= 125cms-1
4. Determine the total time

Total time = (total parts -1) x
time of one part
Total time, t = (6 - 1) x 0.04s

= 5 x 0.04s
= 0.2s
Acceleration, a = (v u ) / t
= 125 25 / 0.2
= 500cms-1
5. Applying the formula, a

= (v u) / t
Example 12
Based on the ticker tape shown in Figure above, find...

(a) the acceleration.
(b) the average speed.
Example 12
Solution
(a) Time taken for 1 part = 1 tick
= 0.02 s
Initial velocity, u = 4 cm / 0.02 s
= 200 cm s-1
Final velocity, v = 6 cm / 0.02 s
= 300 cm s-1
t = (3 - 1) x 0.02 s
= 0.04s
Acceleration, a = (300cms-1 200cms-1) / 0.04
= 2500 cms-2 / 25 ms-2
Example 12
Solution
(b) Total distance = 4 cm + 5 cm + 6 cm
= 15 cm
Total time = 3 parts x 0.02
= 0.06 s
Average speed, v = s / t
= 15cm / 0.06s
= 250cms-1
Example 13
Figure above shows a tape chart consisting of six consecutive

sections of a ticker tape which are glued side by side to show
the motion of a trolley down a sloping runway. Every section of
the ticker tape has ten ticks. The frequency of the a.c supply is
50 Hz. Find...
(a) the total displacement,
(b) the average velocity,
(c) the acceleration.
Example 13
Solution
(a) Total displacement = 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10
= 135 cm
(b) Total time = 6 x 10 x 0.02 s
= 1.2 s
10
0.02s
Average velocity = Total displacement / total time

= 135 cm / 1.2 s
= 112.5 cms-1
Sections of 6 tapes
Each section have

10 ticks
Time for 1 ticks
Example 13
Solution
(c) Initial velocity, u = 35 cm / (10 x 0.02 s)

= 175.0 cms-1
Final velocity, v = 10 cm / (10 x 0.02) s
= 50.0 cms-1
Total time, t = (6 -1) strips x (0.02 x 10)
= 5 x (0.02 x 10)
= 1.0 s
Acceleration, a = (v u) / t
= 50.0 cms-1 -175.0 cms-1) / 1.0 s
= -125.0 cms-1
Example 14
Figure above shows a section of a ticker-tape that was pulled

through a ticker-timer by a trolley as it moved down a raised
runway. What is the acceleration of the trolley if the tickertimer was connected to a 50 Hz alternating current power
supply?.
Example 14
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0.4 cm / 0.02 s
= 20.0 cms-1
Final velocity, v = 2.0 cm / 0.02 s
= 100.0 cms-1
Time interval, t = (6 - 1) x 0.02 s
= 0.1s
Acceleration, a = (100 cms-1 20 cms-1) / 0.1 s
= 800 cms-2 / 8.0 ms-2
Example 15
Figure above shows a strip of ticker tape depicting the

motion of a toy car with uniform acceleration. Determine the
acceleration of the toy car.
Example 15
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0.2 cm / 0.02 s
= 10.0 cms-1
Final velocity, v = 1.6 cm / 0.02 s
= 80.0 cms-1
Time interval, t = (8 - 1) x 0.02 s
= 0.14 s
Acceleration, a = (80 cms-1 100 cms-1) / 0.14 s
= 500 cms-2 / 5.0 ms-2
Example 16
Figure above shows a chart representing the movement of a

trolley with uniform deceleration. Determine its acceleration
Example 16
Solution
Time for each 10 tick strip = 10 x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
u = 7.2 cm / 0.2 s
= 36.0 cms-1
v = 1.2 cm / 0.2 s
= 6.0 cms-1
Total time, t = (6 - 1) x 0.02 s x 10
= 1.0 s
Acceleration, a = (6.0 cms-1 36.0 cms-1) / 1.0 s
= - 30.0 cms-2
Equations of Motion
Problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration can

often be solved quickly using the equations of motion. The
following symbols are used in the equations of motion:
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time
a = acceleration
s = displacement
First equation of motion

a = (v - u) / t
at = v u
v = u + at
----------------- (1)
Equations of Motion
Second equation of motion

Average velocity = (u + v ) / 2
Displacement = average velocity x time
S = [( v + u / 2 )] t
= [( u + u + at ) / 2] t
S = ut + uat2
---------------- (2)
v = u + at
Third equation of motion

s = average velocity x time
s = [(u + v) / 2] t
Substituting t = (v u) / a
s = [(v + u) / 2] x [(v u) / a]
= (v2 u2) / 2a
2as = v2 u2
v2 = u2 + 2as ---------------- (3)
a = (v u) / t
Equations of Motion
Fourth equation of motion

s = average velocity x time
= [(u + v ) / 2] x t
s = (u + v) t
----------------- (4)
Example 17
A school bus accelerates with an acceleration of 4.0 ms -2 after picking up some students at a bus stop.
Calculate the
(a) velocity,
(b) distance
travelled by the bus after 5 s.
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0 ms -1
Acceleration , a = 4.0 ms -2
Time, t = 5 s
Using equation (1)
v = u + at
= 0 + (4.0 x 5)
= 20.0 ms-1
Example 17
Solution
(b) Using equation (2)
s = ut + at2
= (0 x 5) + ( x 4.0 x 52)
= 50.0 m
Example 18
In the long jump event, Jerak was running at a velocity of 5ms -1 towards the long
jump pit. He needed to achieve a velocity of 10ms -1 s after covering a distance of 4.5
m before lifting himself off the ground from the jumping board.
(a) Calculate the required acceleration for Jerak to do so.

(b) Calculate the time taken for him to cover the horizontal
distance of 4.5 m.
Example 18
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 5 ms-1
Final Velocity, v = 10 ms-1
s = 4.5 m
Using equation (3)
v2 = u2 + 2as
102 = 52 + (2 x a x 4.5)
a = 8.3 ms-2
(b) Using equation (4)
s = [(u + v) / 2] t
4.5 = [(5 + 10) / 2] x t
t = 0.6 s
Example 19
A train is moving at a velocity of 25 m s-1, and it brakes with a
deceleration of 2 m s-2 before it stops. Find
(a) the time taken for the train to stop,
(b) the braking displacement of the train.
Solution:
Given u = 25 m s-1; v = 0 m s-1; a = 2 m s-2
(a)
By v = u + at
0 = 25 + (-2) x t
Thus, t = 12.5 s
(b) By v2 = u2 + 2as
02 = 252 + 2 x (-2) x s
Thus, s = 156.25 m
Example 20
A car is accelerated at 6 ms-2 from an initial velocity of 2 ms-1
for 10 seconds. What is
(a) the final velocity, and
(b) the distance moved?
Solution
Given a = 6 ms-2 , u = 2.0 ms-1, t =10 s
(a) Final velocity, v = u + at
= 2 + (6 x 10)
= 62 ms-1
(b) Distance moved, s = ut + at2
=(2 x 10)+ (6 x 102)
= 320 m
Example 21
A driver travelling at a velocity of 108 kmh-1 notices a cow in
the middle of the road 80 m in front of him. On seeing the
cow, the driver instantly applies the brakes and is able to
bring the car to a stop after 6 seconds.
(a) What is the deceleration of the car?
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from the time
the driver applies the brakes until it comes to a stop.
(c) Is the driver able to avoid knocking the cow?
Solution
Given u = 30 ms-1 , v = 0 ms-1, t = 6 s
(a) a = (v - u) / t
= (0 - 30) / 6
= -5 ms-2
Example 21
Solution
Given u = 30 ms-1 , v = 0 ms-1, t = 6 s
(b) s = ut + at2
= (30 x 6) + (-5 x62)
= 90m
(c) Since the car moved a distance of 90 m before it came to
a stop, the driver would not be able to avoid knocking down
the cow.
THE END

SMK Tat Beng Physics Form 4 2.1 Linear Motion

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SMK Tat Beng Physics Form 4 2.1 Linear Motion

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SMK TAT BENG

Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)

Linear motion is motion in a straight line.

Examples of non-linear motion are:-

Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)

Dynamics is the study of the motion of an object due to a

Dynamics force are

All physical quantities can be grouped as scalar

Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)

A scalar quantity is a quantity which has magnitude only.

Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Figure above shows a school bus travelling from location A to

Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a

Displacement, distance, acceleration, area, velocity, speed

Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)

Distance taken with

Figure above shows a car moving round a big roundabout

Consider a car moves from point

The total distance moved by the cow

Speed and Velocity

Speed and velocity are physical quantities which measure

Speed and Velocity

Total displacement , s (m)

Both speed and velocity have the same SI unit.

Speed and Velocity

The car moves backwards at a speed

The car is moving round a circle with

Comparison Between Speed and Velocity

Total time taken, t ( s )

Total time taken, t ( s )

total dis tan ce travelled

total dis tan ce travelled

12.2 12.8 12.6 12.5

total dis tan ce travelled

(b) Average velocity

Acceleration and Deceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Final velocity (v) Initial velocity (u )

Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer

A ticker timer is used to study the motion of an object for a short

Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer

The time interval between two consecutive dots (time for

Method To Calculate time

(2 dot form 1 tick)

Method To Calculate time

4 tick (formed by 5 dots)

6tick (formed by 7 dots)

Method To Calculate time

Types of Motion (Patterns)

The distance between the dots is the same.

Types of Motion (Patterns)

The distance between the dots is increasing.

Types of Motion (Patterns)