BRACED BARREL VAULTS

&
BRACED DOME

BARREL VAULTS:
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault,
is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve

(or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance
The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical
appearance to the total design.
The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches
placed side by side, i.e., one after another.
It is a form of barrel roof.
Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were used extensively
in Roman architecture.

Early barrel vault designs was an important element of stone construction in

tower houses and other structures. This form of design is observed in
cellars, crypts, long hallways, cloisters and even great halls.

Braced barrel vaults:

Have a similar shape to reinforced concrete shell

But it is obtained by 'arching' a grid along one
direction.
The result is.. a cylindrical form that may involve one,
two or more layers of elements
The grid are actually an assembly of bars known as
lamellas
These lamellas can be arranged to follow exactly the
lines of maximum stresses
In practice several types of bracing are used, each of
which results in a different type of structural behavior.

Types of barrel vaults:

1. 1) Single layer
2. 2)Double layer
3. 3)Compound barrel vaults

Lamella (diagonal) barrel vaults

single layer barrel vault that is obtained by arching
a diagonal flat grid. A barrel vault with a diagonal
pattern is often referred to as a 'lamella barrel
vault'.

Three way barrel vaults

similar to the one but this type got three-way
pattern.

Two way on two way double layer barrel

vaults
double layer barrel vault with both the top and
bottom layers having a two-way pattern.

Lamella (diagonal) truss barrel vaults

barrel vault has a top layer and a bottom layer
with interconnecting web elements. However, in
this case the disposition of the elements results
in a 'truss barrel vault'. That is, a barrel vault
that consists of intersecting curved trusses

Hyperboloidal lamella barrel vaults

The surface of the lamella barrel vault is a part
of a hyperboloid of revolution.

Ellipsoidal lamella barrel vaults

The surface of the barrel vault is a part of an
ellipsoid of revolution.

Compound three-way barrel vaults

A compound barrel vault consists of two or
more barrel vaults that are connected
together along their sides.

There are two types of material possible for barrel vaults:

1) Timber
2) Steel and Aluminum

Timber Braced Barrel Vaults

The Lamella system is a curved grid system that utilizes a large
number of identical members called lamellas.
The grid is arranged in a diamond or
rhombus pattern, and one member is
continuous through each joint. Each
lamella is twice the length of the side of
the diamond. These are joined by a single
bolt.

Decking or purlins are used to

triangulate the diamond to make the
structure more stable in the plane of
the surface. A modified form (also
shown) has a more complicated joint
involving steel plates but which
preserves the visual continuity of the
ribs.

Figure shows timber lamella

construction where the lamellas
are
joined
with
bolted
connection. The ends of the two
opposite lamellas butt on to the
continuous lamellas at the joint,
being slightly staggered to
permit the fixing bolt to pass
through the central hole and pick
up the ends of the lamellas.

STEEL AND ALUMINIUM BRACED BARREL VAULTS

Braced barrel vaults are constructed in metals on the lines described
for other grid systems.
The methods for covering are similar as for lattice plates.
Steel and aluminium lamella construction can also be used;
incorporating cold formed or extruded sections for the lamellas.

ADVANTAGES
The structure is lightweight and consisting small components.
Handy component- Easily taken to the site for re-assemble process.
Jointing that have been used are design in such way to make
assembling process easier
Zero bending moment since the location of structural components
received either direct tension or direct compression.
Allows large building span, which is spaciousness
An interesting architecture features and be able to act as skylight
The structure is very stable. It could stand-alone either on ground or to
be placed on posts (if the space needed is large)

DISADVANTAGES
Continuous inspections of the barrel vaults are needed to ensure the
structure are in a good condition.
Barrel vaults structures usually appear on a large span area, but
sometimes the structures also borrowed in designing medium-span
building construction. This system costs a lot of money. Avoid design,
which is made for the sake of aesthetic only
The height of the barrel is usually for building with double volume and
above.
High maintenance in order to make sure the structure system work out
proper .
Problem of dirt - all braced barrel vault are encumbered with the
problem of dirt collecting of the atmosphere onto the surface of the
material.

LAMBERT FIELD (LAMBERT AIRPORT)

The mid-1950s terminal was designed by the firm of Hellmuth, Yamasaki and
Leinweber. Minoru Yamasaki (1912-1986) was responsible for its design. When
completed, his building was hailed as a marvel. It was, indeed, the first airport
building to make a formal statement about aviation and aerodynamics. Over the
years, it has been added onto with mixed results, but in spite of various improvements
and mistreatments, the original building and the essence of Yamasakis vision for it
stand proudly. Originally composed of three vaults, an identical fourth was added in
1965.

CHENNAI RAILWAY STATION

BRACED DOME
Typical example of a synclastic surface in which the
curvature of any point is of the same sign in all direction.
The synclastic surfaces are also called surfaces of positive
Gaussian curvature and are not developable, i.e. the domic
surfaces cannot be flattened into a plane without stretching
or shrinking it.
This property is one of the reasons why domes cannot be
built from members of the same length; even geodesic domes
require members of different lengths.

PRINCIPLE TYPES
Ribbed domes
Schwedler domes
Lamella domes
Three-way domes
Geodesic domes

RIBBED DOMES
Consist of a number of
identical radial trussed or
solid ribs, interconnected
at the crown and usually
stiffened by a tension ring
at the foundation.
For ribbed domes which
making up of timber can
span for over 90m and is
covered with wood wool
slabs
Smaller, lighter ribbed
domes may be constructed
with laminated ribs
covered with plywood or

SCHWEDLER DOMES
consists of meridional ribs
connected together to a
number of horizontal
polygonal rings.
To stiffen the resulting
structure so that it will be
able to take asymmetric
loads, each trapezium
formed by intersecting
meridional ribs with
horizontal rings is
subdivided into two
triangles by the introduction
of a diagonal member.
Schwedler-type steel
domes used to cover large
column- free areas. The
circular shape leads to very
economic structure. Radial

LAMELLA DOMES
Consists of a large number of
similar units, called lamellas,
arranged in a diamond or rhombus
pattern.
Roof covering or purlins used to
triangulate the diamond completes
the stability requirement of the
surface of the dome.
In timber lamella domes, the joints
are simply made with bolts and
plates
Exceptionally good behaviour
under excessive wind loadings , as
well as in fire and seismic
disturbances.
producing typical diamond or
lozenge shaped pattern as for braced
barrel vaults

THREE-WAY DOMES

Formed
by
an
interconnecting grid of parabolic or
circular arches.
As the rise of the arches is
generally
quite
small
in
relation to the span, grid
domes are shallow domes and
are also sometimes referred to
as Space Grids.
The feet of the dome may be
either pinned or fixed.
Pinned feet are generally
preferred as they simplify the
analysis considerably.

GEODESIC DOMES
Another widely used grid form
Points on a sphere lying on a 'great
circle' are called geodisic points.
A great circle is any circle running
round the surface
of a sphere
having the same radius as that of
the sphere itself.
Lines joining such points are called
geodisic lines.
A sphere encloses maximum volume
with
minimum
surface
area,
therefore a true geodisic dome
would enclose the maximum volume
with the minimum amount of
structural material.

TYPES OF MATERIALS
Timber Dome
Steel Dome
Aluminium Dome
Aluminium Dome :Triodetic Dome

TIMBER DOME
Timber can produce a very efficient
and low-cost covering.
Wooden domes are very popular in
school construction.
The cost proved to be very
competitive.
May be constructed using lamella
construction or triangulated stiffened
ply or framed panels similar to those
used for timber folded slab

STEEL DOME
Tubular steel grid domes may be
constructed with node connectors
into which the tubes are inserted
and welded, similar to those used
for double layer grids but using sixway instead of eight way connectors
to form a three way grid.

ALUMINIUM DOME
The aluminium producers
highlighted the light weight,
high corrosion resistance and
ease of fabrication of this
material.
Constructed with members
joined by connectors.

REICHSTAG DOME
Reichstag dome is a glass dome, constructed on top of the rebuilt
Reichstag building in Berlin. It was designed by architect Norman Foster
and built to symbolize the reunification of Germany. The distinctive
appearance of the dome has made it a prominent landmark in Berlin.
The Reichstag dome is a large glass dome with a 360 degree view of
the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The debating chamber of the
Bundestag, the German parliament. A mirrored cone in the center of
the dome directs sunlight into the building, and so that visitors can see
the working of the chamber.The dome is open to the public and can be
reached by climbing two steel, spiraling ramps that are reminiscent of a
double-helix.The Dome symbolizes that the people are above the
government, as was not the case during National Socialism.
The glass dome was also designed by Foster to be environmentally
friendly. Energy efficient features involving the use of the daylight
shining through the mirrored cone were applied, effectively decreasing
the carbon emissions of the building.

THANK YOU