Gypsum products

T.ASHISH
MDS-I
Dept of prosthodontics

Contents
Type III gypsum ( dental stone)
Type IV gypsum product ( dental stone
with high strength)
Type V gypsum ( dental stone with high
strength and high expansion)
Proportioning mixing and caring of
gypsum products
Infection control

Dental stone
Discovered in 1930
The alpha form of calcium sulphate
hemihydrate
Its also known as balanced stone
Common names- hydrocal,
class I stone
Color- green
ADA no- 25
Alpha hemihydrate(in autoclave)
Manufactured by
-wet calcination under steam
pressure in an autoclave at 120-130C

 Manufacturing of dental stone( hemihydrate)

Caso4
120-130 C
Caso4. h2o
17 lbs/sq. inch
pressure

(alpha hemihydrate)

Composition- calcium sulphate a hemihydrate

accelerator- kso4 - 4%
retarder- borax- 0.4 %
color pigment- green
(when the accelerator and retarder are added to
it, it called balanced stone)
Crystal structure- monoclinic, prismatic, regular,
dense
Setting time(final)- 12 minutes
Setting expansion- 0.2 %

 Ideal Setting reaction of gypsum of

gypsum The process of calcining calcium sulpfate
dihydrate to formcalcium sulfate
hemihydrate

(Caso4)2.H2o +3H2o
2Caso4. 2H2o
+ unreacted (caso4)2. H20 + heat
The product of the reaction is gypsum &
heat is evolved in exothermic reaction,

When mixed with water dental stone sets as a

harder mass than does the dental plaster due to
its more dense and prismatic structure.
Gypsum calcined under high pressure
produced a better quality crystals of calcium
sulfate hemihydrate

Powder particles of type IV

& V stone

 Advantages1. Inexpensive
2. Easy to use
3. Dimensional stability
4. Ability to produce fine details
. Disadvantages1. Low abrasion resistance
2. May fracture as mechanical properties are
not ideal
. Indications- to make casts/dies/models
. Used as a binder in investment material

 Desirable properties1. Accuracy

2. Dimensional stability
3. Ability to reproduce fine details
4. Strength & resistance to abrasion
5. Color
6. Cost
7. Easy to use
8. Compatibility with impression materials

 Manipulation1. Stone is added to water, by spatulating it with

rotary motion until entire mixture is smooth
and homogenous
2. Tapped to remove air
3. Poured on the recorded impression or in the
mould to produce a cast
Requisites for a dental stone It should set fast but should have enough time
for manipulation.
It should set to a very hard and strong mass.
It should neither expand nor contract
appreciably.
It should not lose its strength when subjected
to moulding and curing procedures

Die stone
Type IV- Dental stone with high strength
Type V- Dental stone with high strength and
setting expansion
Type IV- Dental stone with high strength
Its a modified a-hemihydrate
1.
2.
3.
4.

Common name- improved class II stone

General characteristics- pink colored
ADA number- 25
Crystal Structure- cuboidal

5. Setting time- 12minutes

6. Setting expansion- 0.1 %
7. Manipulation. Stone is added to water, by
spatultating it with rotary
motion until entire mixture
is smooth and homogenous
. Tapped to remove air &
poured

8. Manufacturing methodProcess of manufacturing for alpha

modified stone or improved stone?

Gypsum is calcined by boiling it in 30%

calcium chloride solution . The chlorides are
then washed away or autoclaved ( at 130C)
in presence of sodium succinate 0.5%.Then
grinded to obtain alpha() modified stone.

9. Uses- in construction of dies for the

fabrication of restorations, such as crown,
inlay, onlay etc
(used when high strength and surface
hardness is required)

Advantages1. High strength

2. Good surface hardness
3. Abrasion resistant

Type V- Dental stone with strength

and high setting expansion
Type V dental stone has even high compressive
strength than does the type IV. The improved
strength is attained by making it possible to
lower the w/p ratio, even further than type IV

Common name- densite,

improved type III stone
1. Color- yellow colored powder
2. ADA no- 25
3. Manufacturing method- by wet
calcination of gypsum

4. Setting time- 12 minutes

5. Greater expansion of type V die stone is
useful for compensation of relatively
large solidification (casting ) shrinkage of
base metal alloys. This is called as
casting shrinkage
6. Surface hardness can be improved by
electroforming, resin impregnation or
dipping in surface hardening solutions
7. Type V stone may be indicated when
inadequate expansion may lead to

NoteType V is better than type IV stone

because of high compressive strength
and the setting expansion is
increased from 0.010% to 0.30% to
compensate for shrinkage of base
metal alloys during solidification

Synthetic gypsum1. Its also possible to make a-hemihydrate

& b-hemihydrates from the by-products
or waste products of phosphoric acid
production
2. The synthetic product is much more
expensive than the one made from
natural gypsum, but when the products
are made properly, its properties equal
to or exceed those of the latter

Proportioning of gypsum
products

Because the strength of stone is inversely

proportional to the amount of w/p ratio,
its important to keep the amount of water
as low as possible
The w/p ratio should be measured by
using accurate graduated cylinder for
water volume & weighing the power.
(power should not be measured using a
scoop[volume] as it may vary from
product to product & may not be packed
uniformly)

Mixing
If the mixing has to be done by hand ,
the bowl must be parabolic , smooth and
abrasion resistant
Spatula should have a stiff blade and a
convenient handle
Stirring of the water powder during
mixing has to be done more vigorously in
order to avoid air entrapment
Wetting of all powder particles with water
must be ensured

Method Place a measured amount of water in the bowl

and sift the weighed powder into the water as
initial hand mixing is performed. Then stir the
mixture vigorously, periodically wiping the
inside of the bowl with spatula to ensure
wetting of all and breaking up of any lumps.
Continue mixing until a smooth mix is obtained,
usually within a minute.
Longer spatulation time, reduces working time.
Repeatedly adding water and powder to achieve
proper consistency must be avoided, because it
yields low strength & it may cause distortion

 Preferred method of mixing is to add

measured water first, followed by
gradual addition of the preweighed
powder.
Powder is incorporated during
approximately 15secs of mixing with a
hand spatula followed by 20-30secs of
mechanical mixing under vacuum.

Water (ml)
ratio (ml/g)
Plaster
50-60
Stone
20-35

Powder(g)
100
100

W/P
0.55

Results of mixing of the

material
Improper
mixing

proper
mixing

Caring for the cast

If the cast surface is not hard and smooth when

removed from the mould , then its accuracy is
questionable
Cast once set will maintain the dimensions
relatively stable with changes in humidity and
room temp.
But in few cases the cast has to be immersed in
water , negligible expansion may occur ,if the
water is saturated with calcium sulphate
The safest method of soaking the cast in water is
to immerse the cast in water bath that contain
plaster debris at the bottom of the container.

Infection control
There are chances of cross infection of HBV, HIV
etc on clinicians due to impression which has
lead to the idea of disinfection sprays and
immersion techniques to disinfect the
impressions and its effect on the surface of the
cast
If the impression is not disinfected then the cast
should be disinfected . This can be done using
dental stone containing disinfectant
Commonly used stone disinfectants are spray
disinfectants, hypochlorites and iodophores and
gluteraldehyde