Unit I magnetic circuits

Contents
Transformer as a magnetically
coupled circuit
Ac excitation
Properties of magnetic materials

TRANSFORMER AS A
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUIT

TRANSFORMER AS A
MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUIT

Coupled co-effiecient

Coupled co-effiecient

Electrical analogy of the magnetic

circuit

quasi-static fields
quasi-static fields in which the field
pattern in space is fixed but the field
intensity at every point varies as a
replica of the time variation of
current.

AC excitation
The magnetic circuits of transformers, ac
machines and several other electromagnetic
devices are excited from ac rather than dc
sources.
With ac operation, inductance is effective
even in steady-state operation.
Often, the flux is determined by the impressed
voltage and frequency, and the magnetization
current has to adjust itself in accordance with
the flux so that B-H relationship is satisfied
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AC excitation
Complete linearity of
the magnetic circuit
will be assumed.
Magnetic flux is
produced
by
the
exciting current i.
Let the current and so
the
flux
vary
sinusoidally with
time. Then
= max sin wt
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AC excitation

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AC excitation
The polarity of the emf must, in accordance with
Lenzs law, oppose the flux change.
when the flux is increasing. Since the current
produces the flux instantaneously and in
proportion to it (quasi-static field), they are in
phase.
The induced emf and coil resistance drop
oppose the impressed voltage.
Resistance drop in many ac electromagnetic
devices is quite small and may be neglected to
a close approximation
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Properties of magnetic materials

All
nonmagnetic
materials
are
classified
as
paramagnetic,
r
slightly
greater
than
1,
and
diamagnetic, r slightly less than 1.
For all practical purposes, r of these
materials can be regarded as unity,
i.e. their magnetic properties are
very much similar to that of free
space
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Properties of magnetic
materials
Materials whose relative permeability is much
higher than that of free space are classified as
ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic.
Ferromagnetic materials can be further subdivided
as hard and soft.
Hard ferromagnetic materials include permanent
magnet materials, such as alnicos, chromium
steels, certain copper-nickel alloys and several
other metal alloys.
Soft ferromagnetic materials are iron and its alloys
with nickel, cobalt, tungsten and aluminium.
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Properties of magnetic
materials
Silicon steels and cast steels are the most important ferromagnetic
materials for use in transformers and electric machines.
Ferrimagnetic materials are the ferrites and are composed of iron
oxidesMeO. Fe2O3, where Me represents a metallicion.
Ferrites are also subgrouped as hard (permanent magnetic) and soft
(nickel-zinc and manganese-zinc) ferrites.
Soft ferrites are quite useful in high frequency transformers,
microwave devices, and other similar high-frequency operations.
There is a third category of magnetic materials, known as
superparamagnetic, made from powdered iron or other magnetic
particles.
These materials are used in transformers for electronicsand cores for
inductors.
Permalloy (molybdenum-nickel-iron powder) is the best known
example of thiscategory of magnetic materials.
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Properties of magnetic
materials
Magnetic materials
are characterized
by
high
permeability
and
the nonlinear B-H
relationship which
exhibits
both
saturation
and
hysteresis.

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Properties of magnetic
materials
It is easily observed from this figure
that B is a symmetrical two-valued
function of H; at any
given H, B is higher if H is reducing
compared to when H is increasing.
This is the basic hysteresis property
in which B lags behind H.

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Properties of magnetic
materials
The hysteresis loop becomes wider for
increasing maximum flux densities.
The dotted curve drawn through the
positive and negative tips of the
hysteresis
loops
with
increasing
maximum flux densities is the normal
magnetization curve and is obtainable
in unmagnetized material by increasing
the dc magnetization in either direction.
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Properties of magnetic
materials
the area of the hysteresis loop is the energy loss (it
appears in the form of heat energy) per unit volume in
one cycle of magnetization.
This loss depends upon the quality of material and the
maximum flux density at which the material is operated
It is also called as the magnetization curve.
The hysteresis loss represented by the loop area is
usually
lumped with the eddy-current loss and the together are
known as the core (or iron) loss.
It is parameterized by material thickness and frequency
and is expressed as loss per unit volume (specific loss).
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