Presentation Outline: SDH Basics Outlook

Presentation Outline
SDH Basics
Outlook
Lucent Technologies - Proprietary
SDH Basics
What is SDH?
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

as successor technique of
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
Worldwide Standardized Transmission Technology
New multiplexing scheme, less steps than in PDH
Standardized optical interfaces, main manko of PDH
Standardized overhead functionality, far extended
compared to PDH
New network concept
Standard infrastructure, e.g Ring versus Star
Differentiated spectrum of services, e.g. sophisticated
protection
What is SDH?
New generation of equipment
(in comparison to PDH - Plesiochronous Digital

Hierarchy)
New technology
Lower cost of ownership
High functional integration, e.g. add/drop
multiplexer
Integrated equipment protection switching
Integrated management functionality
Higher bit rate
New way of network management
Centralized
Service-oriented
SDH Model
VC-4
OH
1P
VC-3
1
VC-3
TUG-2
TUG22
1 POH
OH
1P
VC-3
TUG2 2
TUG-2
UG
G2-22
TTU
1
VC-3
POH
VC-3
Lu
ce
nt
Te
ch
no
SOH
lo g
ie
Co
nta
in e
rT
erm
SOH
POH
ina
1
3
C
l
V
POH
1
VC-3
SOH
POH
PDH / SDH Payload Mapping
DS
V
DS
V
DS
V
DS
V
DS
V
2
TU / TUG Assembling
TU
G2
TU
-12
TU
-12
TU
-12
TU
TU TUG G-2
GTU
2 2
G2
TU
G2
VC
-12
TU
-12
TU
-12
TU
-12
TU
-12
PP
U
TUG / VC-4 Multiplexing
Lu
ce
nt
Te
ch
no
lo g
ie
Co
nt a
ine
rT
erm
ina
l
STM-1
SO H
TU-3
STM-1
SOH
TU / AU Cross-Connecting
Lu
ce
nt
Te
ch
no
log
ie
Co
nt a
ine
rT
erm
in a
l
STM1 H
S
O
STM1SO
H
Container Assembly
TU
G
-2
T T
T U UG UG
G -2 -2
-2
-2
TU -2
TU 2
TU -2
TU -2
TU -2
T-U2
TU
TU
-1
2
TU
-2
TU-3
TU-3
TU-3
Comparison PDH and SDH

PDH
SDH
Own frame structure for each multiplex

stage
Same frame structure for all

multiplex signals
Bit multiplexing
Byte multiplexing
Clock matching with positive stuffing

(bit organized)
Clock matching with positive, zero and

negative stuffing (byte organized)
Access to the individual channel is only

possible after the demultiplex action
Access to the individual channel is

possible after evaluation of the pointer
No standardization for bit-rates higher

than 140 Mbit/s
Standardization for bit-rates higher

than 140 Mbit/s
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Europe
Japan
139264
North America
transmission rate
in kbit/s
97728
34368
Multiplex
factor
44736
7
32064
8448
2048
4
6312
1544
6312
1544
5
4
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

byte - multiplexing
STM - 1
155.52 Mbit/s
4 byte - multiplexing
STM - 4
622.08 Mbit/s
STM - 1
155.52 Mbit/s
STM - 1
155.52 Mbit/s
STM - 1
155.52 Mbit/s
STM - 4
622.08 Mbit/s
STM - 16
2.488 Gbit/s
STM - 4
622.08 Mbit/s
STM - 4
622.08 Mbit/s
SDH General
Bit Rates and Level Designations
SONET (ANSI)
Level
STS-1
STS-3
Signal
Designation
SDH (ETSI)
Bit
Rates
Mbit/s
Level
Signal
Designation
OC-1
OC-3
51.840
155.520
STM-1
OC-12
622.080
STM-4
OC-48
2488.320
16
STM-16
OC-192
9953.280
64
STM-64
OC-768
39173,12
256
STM-256
STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

OC = Optical Carrier
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
STM-1 Frame Structure

270 bytes
261 bytes
9 bytes
1 .. 3
AU-4
RSOH
AU-4 Pointer
5 .. 9
MSOH
Data
RSOH Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH Multiplex Section Overhead
SDH Multiplex Structure (1)
140 Mbit/s
VC-4
C-4
VC-3
45 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
x1
AUG
x1
STM-1
x3
x1
TU-3
AU-4
x3
TUG-3
x7
VC-3
C-3
6 Mbit/s
C-2
VC-2
TU-2
2 Mbit/s
C-12
VC-12
TU-12
1.5 Mbit/s
C-11
VC-11
TU-11
Tributaries
Container
Virtual
Container
Tributary
Unit
x1
x3
x7
AU-3
In SONET only
TUG-2
x4
Tributary Unit Group
Administrative AdministrativeSynchronous
Unit
Unit Group Transport
Module

payload
Container
The basic data unit for mapping

the PDH signals. The PDH-signal is adapted
to the Container in frequency and phase
Virtual ContainerThe POH is added to the container
VC
Pointer
VC
TU
Tributary Unit
A TU comprises a Virtual Container (VC) and

a Pointer. The Pointer adjusts the VC-signal to
the higher multiplex signal and points to the VC

TU
TU
TU
TUG
Tributary Unit Group
TUs are multiplexed to TUGs
Administrative Unit
The AU Pointer compensates phase

deviations between STM-x and VC-4
Pointer
VC - 4
AU
S
AU
STM-1
Synchronous Transport The base STM-signal consists of

Module-1 (STM-1)
AU-4 and SOH
SDH Line Section and

Overheads
TR (G.703)
(G.703)
TR
Mux
Reg
STM-N
Mux
(G.703)
Mux
Mux
STM-1
STM-N
Multiplex section
MSOH
Multiplex section
MSOH
Regenerator
section
RSOH
Multiplex section
MSOH
Path
POH
TR: Tributaries, z.B. 140 Mbit/s (PDH)
Mux: SDH Multiplexer
Reg: SDH Regenerator
TR
Functions of the SOH

Quality
supervision
Maintenance
functions
Frame
alignment
SOH
Line
protection
Orderwire
channels
Data channels
MSOH and RSOH

Mux
Reg
A multiplex section can consist of several regenerator sections

Therefore the SOH is divided into two parts:
Regenerator
section
RSOH
The Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Regenerator

Section Overhead (RSOH).
Mux
Reg
Multiplex section
MSOH
Mux
The MSOH can only be accessed at both terminal stations

The RSOH is evaluated at every terminal and regenerator station
The STM-1 Overhead

9 columns
RSOH
AU-Pointer
MSOH
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
C1
X1
X2
B1
X3
X4
E1
X5
X6
F1
X7
X8
D1
X9
X10
D2
X11
X12
D3
X13
X14
H1
H1
H1
H2
H2
H2
H3
H3
H3
B2
B2
B2
K1
X15
X16
K2
X17
X18
D4
X19
X20
D5
X21
X22
D6
X23
X24
D7
X25
X26
D8
X27
X28
D9
X29
X30
D10
X31
X32
D1
X33
X34
D12
X35
X36
Z1
Z1
Z1
Z2
Z2
Z2
E2
X37
X38
SOH
The Section Overhead Bytes

(1)
A1,A2
C1
Frame alignment, 6 Bytes per STM-1 frame

(A1=11110110, A2 = 00101000).
Those Bytes are not scrambled, therefore the same amount of
zeros and ones
STM - 1 identifier
Is used for internal numbering of the STM-1 signals during
multiplexing them into a higher order STM-n.
During demultiplexing the C1 byte is used to identify
the position of an STM-1 signal within an STM-N frame
Example of numbering STM-1 signals n a STM-4:

(2)
B1,B2
B1 and B2 are used for calculating the transmission quality

B1: Regenerator section (BIP8, Bit Interleaved Parity 8, equal),
B2: Multiplex section (BIP24, Bit Interleaved Parity 24, equal).
E1,E2
E1 and E2 provide 2 order wire channels

E1: Regenerator section
E2: Multiplexer section.
F1
D1...D12
F1 is reserved for user specific purposes.
Data Communication Channels

D1-D3: DCCR, regenerator section
D4-D12: DCCM, multiplex section

(3)
K1,K2
Z1(S1)
These bytes are used for Automatic Protection Switching (APS),

Section-AIS and FERF identification. Byte K1 indicates the need
for protection switching. Byte K2 contains the switch code for
protection switching, Section-AIS and FERF. The values are set in
accordance to ITU Recommendation G.783.
Byte for indicating the clock quality

(4)
Z2
X...
Byte for later international standardization.
Bytes, reserved for future national or international standardization
Bytes B1, D1-D12, E1, E2, F1, K1 and K2 are only defined
for the first STM-1
BIP-N Check
N blocks
N blocks
CodeGen.
Transmission line
violation
N blocks
N blocks
CodeGen.
Code word
Code word
Code word comparison
Error message
Transmitter
Receiver
BIP-N coding : 1. Division of the frame into N blocks

2. Calculation of a code word so that the parity-check of the N blocks
together with the code word is even
BIP...Bit Interleaved Parity
Even parity... Numbers of all the bits 1 in a column is even
Section Overhead of the STM-4

Signal
1
RSOH
A1
STM-1 #..
2 3 4
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1
1 ...
A1
A1
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
C1 C1 C1 C1 X 1
X2
B1
X3
X4
E1
X5
X6
F1
X7
X8
D1
X9
X10
D2
X11
X12
D3
X12
X14
MSOH
4x AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1
X15
X16
K2
X17
X18
D4
X19
X20
D5
X21
X22
D6
X23
X24
D7
X25
X26
D8
X27
X28
D9
X29
X30
D10
X31
X32
D11
X33
X34
D12
X35
X36
Z2 E 2
X37
X38
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1
Z1 Z2
Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2
Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2
Bytes which are reserved for future international use.
Pointer Tasks
Position determination of the virtual container in the higher order frame
Bit rate matching of the virtual container to the higher order frame
(positive or negative stuffing)
Pointer Types
AU-4 pointer VC-4 (140 Mbit/s)
AU Pointer
AU-3 pointer VC-3 (45 or 34 Mbit/s)
TU-3 pointer VC-3 (45 or 34 Mbit/s)
TU-3 Pointer
Adaptation of the VC-x

to the respective AU-x
frame (x=3 or 4)
Adaptation of the VC-3

to the VC-4
TU-11 pointer VC-11 (1.544 Mbit/s)
TU-1, TU-2 Pointer

Adaptation of the VC-1x

and VC-2 to VC-3 or
VC-4 (x=1 or 2)
STM-1 : Example 1
rows
columns
261
9
FAS
3
1
AU-4
RSOH
AU-4 pointer
261
J1
B3
C2
MSOH
G1
F2
= Administrative Unit
AU
= Container
C
MSOH = Multiplex Section Overhead
POH = Path Overhead
RSOH = Regenerator Section Overhead
STM = Synchronous Transport Module
= Virtual Container
VC
C-4
H4
Z3
Z4
STM-1
Z5
VC-4 POH
VC-4
STM-1 : Example 2
XXX
VC-4
VC-4
AU-4
AU-4
VC-3
Abbreviations
AIS
AlarmIndicationSignal
MSFERF MultiplexSectionFarEndReceiveFailure
AU
AdministrativeUnit
MSAIS
MultiplexSectionAlarmIndicationSignal
BIP
BitInterleavedParity
OH
Overhead
CI
ConcatenationIndication
PAIS
PathAIS
DCC
DataCommunicationChannel
POH
PathOverhead
FEBE FarEndBlockError
RSOH
RegeneratorSectionOverhead
FERF FarEndReceiveFailure
SOH
SectionOverhead
FS
FixedStuff/Stuffbits
STM1
SynchronousTransportModule1(155Mbit/s)
LOF
LossofFrame
TU
TributaryUnit
LOP
LossofPointer/LowerOrderPath
TUG
TributaryUnitGroup
HOP
HigherOrderPath
VC
VirtualContainer
MSOH MultiplexSectionOverhead
SDH Network Issues
SDH is a networking approach

Self-healing SDH Network Architecture
Network Synchronization plan
Total Integrated Network management
Topology Model of an
SDH Transport Network
Transport
Switching
Tier 1
Core
Network
Tier 2
Regional
Network
Trunk
Network
Large
Urban Area
Regional
Area
Junction
Network
Metro Area
Tier 3
Local/
Access
Network
Rural
Area
RC
RC
PC
Urban Area
PC
- Remote Concentrator
CPE
- Private Circuits
CPE
PC
CPE
RC
- Customer Premises Equipment

- Subscribers
Local
Network
Distribution
Network
Network Architecture: Example 1

Flat Meshed Network, STM-16
based
LXC-16/1
ADM-16/1
Network Architecture: Example

2
Meshed Network -Two tiers
LXC-16/1
ADM-16/1
DACS-4/4/1

3
Two Tiered Ring Based
Network
LXC-16/1
ADM-16/1
ADM-4/1

4
Two Tiered Ring Based
Network
STM-16
MS SPRing
ADM-16/1
ADM-4/1
Why Protection?
Reduction of Unavailability by more than 95%
800
700
600
500
400
300
UAT (minutes per year)
Path Unavailability vs. No of Nodes
200
100
2
6
7
8
9
nodes per path
10
11
0
12
not SNCP
SNCP
Restoration versus protection
Protection:
Alternative routing and spare capacity reservation in advance
Some protection schemes also use shared spare capacity (=> MS SP Ring)
Restoration:
Spare capacity is not reserved in advance
(centralized/distributed; dynamic/preplanned routing)
Terminology of
Hardware Protection
P:W Protection Channels : Working Channels

(0:1) Means ONE working channel, but NO protection
channels
(1+1) Means ONE working and ONE protection
channel, but the transmit end is always bridged
(no switch)
(1:N) Means ONE protection channel for all (N)
working channels
Terminology of
Protection Mechanisms
SNCP
Sub-Network Connection Protection also known as Path

Protection, it can be applied over the whole VC-n path from
source to sink termination point, but also on one or multiple
parts of the end-to-end path.
MSP
Multiplex Section Protection. Provides capability for

switching a signal between and including two MST
(Multiplexer Section Termination) functions, from a working
to a protection section
MS-SPRing
Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring, which means that

the protection bandwidth is shared by multiple connections
DNI
Dual Node Interworking allows for each individual VC-4 the

assignment of primary and secondary add and drop
nodes.
Selection of Network Protection

Scheme
LO/HO (S)NC Protection

Offers selectivity, so attractive for Access rings (<= STM-4).
In SDH Access Networks end-to-end protection option will be needed
for high premium traffic (NC Protection).
MS SPRING
Protecting all traffic, so suitable for large amount of traffic (>= STM16).
Efficient for most traffic patterns in rings with voice traffic, e.g.
between Transit Switches.
LO/HO Trail Protection

Can only be used for end-to-end protection.
End-to-end protection in mixed media environment.

Based on CRC in 2 Mbit/s signals.
Hitless switching is possible.
Increase performance of copper or radio by switching per CRC block.
When is Network Management Integrated?

User can manage the network:
From one seat
i.e. Cut-Through from Network Level to Element Level
Use same methods for all hierarchies
10G and above for Backbone
Below 10G for Metro-Area
Use same methods for all network elements

Line Systems
Multiplexer
Cross-Connect
Entire network accessible from one GUI

GUI PC or Workstation for NMS
Why Should Network

Management be Integrated?
Configuration:
With ITM
Without ITM
Design
Implement
Consistency
First pass yield
1 min
20 s
99 %
99 %
> 15min
> 30min
80 %
20 %
Why Should Network

Management be Integrated?
Fault management: With ITM
Without ITM
Time to restore
2-5 min
hours
Time to locate
2 min
> 30min
Expertise
low
high
easy
forget it
Reporting
Reports
Conclusion / Summary
Why SDH?
Network flexibility
Network controllability
Network availability
Multiplexing efficiency
Multi-vendor inter-operability
End-to-end service path
management
Rapid service provisioning
1. Cost-effective operation
and maintenance
2. High network quality
and reliability
3. Service oriented operation
Cost Effective
SDH
One definition allows higher bit rates in
excess of 2.5Gbit/s.
Actual 10G, coming soon 40G.
PDH
Standardized up to 140Mbit/s
proprietary up to 565Mbit/s
No definition,
only few national use bits
Maximize use of Software, increases

flexibility in multiplexers and functionality
in DXCs
Heavily dependent on HW which

limits the intelligence of PDH
systems
Integrated NM increases network

reliability through Self Healing Networks
No Integration, various national

quasi standards.
SDH Overhead bytes (DCC) allows

integrated NM across technology and
hierarchies.
5
Cost Effective
Optical Line Signal
Not Standardized
140
140
opt.
Optical Line Signal

Not Standardized
140
34
34
34
34
8
140
opt.
8
4 steps of frequency adaption per PLL
2
2
n x 155 Mbit/s Optical Interface

Standardized
n x 155 Mbit/s Optical Interface

Standardized
single step of frequency adaption per PLL
2 8 34 45
Reliable
Basic Requirements
Failure detection and isolation
Alternate diverse path
Network re-routing capability
Alternatives
failure
1+1 Equipment with point to point route diversity

Rings
DXCs in a meshed network
failure
failure
Service Oriented
End-to-End
Network Management
Network Manager
Service Status
Network management
WaveStarTM ITM-SC
WaveStarTM SNMS
WaveStarTM NMS
54
Management
Lucents Scaleable Solutions
Management
Capabilities
ITM-SC/SNMS)
+ WS-NMS
ITM-SC + ITM-NM
Medium
Medium&&Large
LargeNetworks
Networks
More
MoreAdvanced
AdvancedNetwork
NetworkLayer
LayerFeatures
Optional Features, DNA, PRM, etc.
Optional Features, DNA, PRM, etc.
ITM-SC/SNMS
ITM-SC
Element
ElementManagement
Management
2,
100
Network Size
300
Management
Network
Management
Level
ITM Network Module
ITM-SC
ITM-SC
SDH SDH
SDH
ADM ADM
ADM
CIT
SDH
SDH
Radio
Radio
OLS
OLS
80G
80G
SNMS-EMS
ITM-XM
Element
Management
Level
WaveStar WaveStar WaveStar

OLS
BandWidth 10G/40G
400G
Manager
Digital
Crossconnects
Element
Level

Presentation Outline: SDH Basics Outlook

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Presentation Outline

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

New generation of equipment

(in comparison to PDH - Plesiochronous Digital

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

PDH / SDH Payload Mapping

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

TUG / VC-4 Multiplexing

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Comparison PDH and SDH

Own frame structure for each multiplex

Same frame structure for all

Clock matching with positive stuffing

Clock matching with positive, zero and

Access to the individual channel is only

Access to the individual channel is

No standardization for bit-rates higher

Standardization for bit-rates higher

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

STS = Synchronous Transport Signal

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

STM-1 Frame Structure

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

SDH Multiplex Structure (1)

Tributary Unit Group

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

SDH Multiplex Structure (2)

The basic data unit for mapping

Virtual ContainerThe POH is added to the container

A TU comprises a Virtual Container (VC) and

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

SDH Multiplex Structure (3)

Tributary Unit Group

TUs are multiplexed to TUGs

The AU Pointer compensates phase

Synchronous Transport The base STM-signal consists of

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

SDH Line Section and

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

Functions of the SOH

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

MSOH and RSOH

A multiplex section can consist of several regenerator sections

The Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) and the Regenerator

The MSOH can only be accessed at both terminal stations

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

The STM-1 Overhead

The Section Overhead Bytes

Frame alignment, 6 Bytes per STM-1 frame

Lucent Technologies - Proprietary

The Section Overhead Bytes

B1 and B2 are used for calculating the transmission quality

E1 and E2 provide 2 order wire channels