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Hydraulic Actuators

Prepared: Mbwiga, Joel


Mechanical

Introduction to Hydraulics
Hydraulics is power transmission that uses
pressurized liquid to transmit energy from
generation point to point of utilization
Hydraulic systems are power transmitting
assemblies employing pressured liquids
Advantage: 1. High force/torque due to
force multiplication
2. Precise position and speed control
3. Stall load conditions
4. Sudden change in direction,
5. Small system volume
6. Intermediate stopping positions,
7. Less heating requirement etc.

Principles of Hydraulics
Pascals law: A force applied to a
confined fluid is transmitted in all
directions throughout the fluid
regardless of the shape of the container.

Force Multiplication

F is measured in Newton or
F=PA
Pound
P = constant
F1/A1 = F2/A2 P is measured in N/m2, Pa,

Mechanical and
Hydraulic Energy

If force is applied to the confined liquid,


liquid pressure increases
If the boundary of a container containing
pressurized liquid is allowed to move it
would exert force on the external
environment
In hydraulic system energy conversion
normally takes the following manner:

Speed Moved by Force


Speed of pressurized fluid determines the
speed of force
Principle of continuity: VEL1*A1 = VEL2*A2

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Basic
components
Reservoir or
tank
Pump
Lines (pipe,
tubing, or
flexible hose)
Control valve
Actuating
device

Hydraulic Reservoir
Reservoir is used for storing hydraulic
fluid
Reservoir may be pressurized or non
pressurize
Pressurized one offers a positive flow of
hydraulic fluid into the pump
In a non-pressurized one atmospheric
pressure pushes the fluid into a pump or
fluid flows under gravity into the pump

Reservoir

Hydraulic Lines

Conductors confine the system fluid as it is


distributed throughout the system.
Pipes, tubes, and hoses are the three general
types of conductors used in fluid power
systems.
The type of conductor used depends on the
type of fluid, system pressure, required
component movement, and the environment
in which the system operates.
Pipes are rigid conductors
Tubes are similar to pipes, but are considered
to be semi-rigid.
Hoses are flexible conductors made from
layers of materials.
Fittings and adapters are needed to assemble
conductors and other system components.

Hydraulic Pump
When a hydraulic pump operates, it performs two
functions:
1. Its mechanical action creates a vacuum at the pump
inlet which allows atmospheric pressure to force liquid
from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump.
2. Its mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump
outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
A pump produces liquid movement or flow, it does not
generate pressure
It produces the flow necessary for the development of
pressure which is a function of resistance to fluid flow
in the system
For example, the pressure of the fluid at the pump
outlet is zero for a pump not connected to a system
(load).
For a pump delivering into a system, the pressure will
rise only to the level necessary to overcome the
resistance of the load.

Classification of pumps
All pumps are either positive-displacement
or non-positive displacement
Most pumps used in hydraulic systems are
positive-displacement.
A non-positive-displacement pump
produces a continuous flow but it does not
provide a positive internal seal against
slippage, so its output varies considerably
as pressure varies
Centrifugal and propeller pumps are
examples of non-positive-displacement
pumps

Classification of pumps
cont
If the output port of a non-positive-

displacement pump were blocked off, the


pressure would rise, and output would
decrease to zero although the pumping
element continues moving, flow would stop
because of slippage inside the pump.
In a positive-displacement pump, slippage is
negligible compared to the pump's volumetric
output flow
If the output port were plugged, pressure would
increase instantaneously to the point that the
pump's pumping element or its case would fail,
or the pump's prime mover would stall.

Positive-displacement
principle
A positive-displacement pump is one that

displaces (delivers) the same amount of


liquid for each rotating cycle of the pumping
element.
Constant delivery during each cycle is
possible because of the close-tolerance fit
between the pumping element and the
pump case i.e. the amount of liquid that slips
past the pumping element in a positivedisplacement pump is minimal and
negligible compared to the theoretical
maximum possible delivery.
The delivery per cycle remains almost
constant, regardless of changes in pressure
against which the pump is working.

Positive-displacement
principle
cont
If fluid slippage is substantial, the pump is

not operating properly and should be


repaired or replaced.
Positive-displacement pumps can be of
either fixed or variable displacement.
The output of a fixed displacement pump
remains constant during each pumping
cycle and at a given pump speed.
The output of a variable displacement pump
can be changed by altering the geometry of
the displacement chamber.
Other names to describe these pumps are
hydrostatic for positive-displacement and
hydrodynamic pumps for non-positivedisplacement.

Non-positive displacement
pump Centrifugal pump

Gear pump

Lobe pump

Vane pump

Gerotor pump

Reciprocating pump
Bent axis axial piston pump

Inline axial piston pump

Gear Pump

The most commonly used hydraulic pump


It produces flow by carrying fluid in between the
teeth of two meshing gears
One gear is driven by the drive shaft and turns the
idler gear
The chambers formed between adjacent gear
teeth are enclosed by the pump housing and side
plates (also called wear or pressure plates).
A partial vacuum is created at the pump inlet as
the gear teeth unmesh.
Fluid flows in to fill the space by action of
atmospheric pressure and is carried around the
outside of the gears.
As the teeth mesh again at the outlet end, the fluid
is forced out.
Volumetric efficiencies of gear pumps run as high
as 93% under optimum conditions.

Hydraulic Actuator
The pressurized liquid in the system is
directed by valves to either a hydraulic
motor when rotary force and motion is
needed or
When linear force or motion is desired, a
cylindrical tube fitted with a movable
piston, called a hydraulic cylinder, is often
used
Many hydraulic motors are similar to
pumps, except that the motor operates in
a reverse manner from a pump.
An actuator converts hydraulic energy to
mechanical energy

Hydraulic Cylinder
A basic cylinder consists of a cylinder body, cylinder end
caps, piston, piston rod, ports, and seals in the cylinder
body
The piston rod is attached to the piston and this
assembly is located in the chamber with the rod
extending through one of the end caps.
The closed chamber is divided into two parts by the
piston.
Ports are located in either parts
Forcing fluid into the cylinder through a port causes the
piston rod to move out of the cylinder on the extension
stroke and back into the cylinder on the retraction stroke.

Double acting

Single Acting
Cylinder

Extended by pressurized
fluid
Retracted by spring or
gravity
As for double acting
cylinder, it consists of a
cylinder and piston
One side of a piston has a
port and the other has a
spring for spring retraction
system

Telescoping Rams
A series of rams is nested in
the telescoping assembly.
With the exception of the
smallest ram, each ram is
hollow and serves as the
cylinder housing for the next
smaller ram.
The ram assembly is
contained in the main cylinder
assembly, which also provides
the fluid ports.
Used when longer stroke is
require while limited space for
cylinder
Has good mechanical strength

Hydraulic Motor
Resembles the
rotary pump whose
rotating element is
set into rotation by
the flow of
pressurized fluid
Mechanical energy
is tapped from the
shaft on which the
rotating element is
mounted

Accumulator
Functions
Energy storage
Pulsation absorption
Shock cushioning
Supplementary
pump pressure
Fluid dispensing

Types of accumulators

Hydro-pneumatic
Accumulator

Control Valve
The pressurized liquid in discharge
pipe is controlled by valves.
Three control functions are used in
most hydraulic system;
1. Control of the liquid pressure,
2. Control of the liquid flow rate, and
3. Control of the direction of flow of
the liquid.
Control valves controls the direction,
speed and force of the actuator

Pressure Control Valves


Pressure-control valves are used in hydraulic
circuits to maintain desired pressure levels in
various parts of the circuits
It may also be defined as either a normally
closed or normally open two-way valve.
It maintains the desired pressure level by either:
(1) Diverting higher-pressure fluid to a lowerpressure area, thereby limiting the pressure in
the higher- pressure area, or
(2) Restricting flow into another area.
Eg. relief valve, safety, pressure reducing,
sequence, counter balance, unloading valve,
hydraulic fuses

Relief Valve
Prevents working pressure from exceeding maximum
allowable pressure.
A relief valve can also be used to limit the torque or
force output of an actuator
The relief valve is connected between the pump
outlet (pressure line) and tank.
It is normally closed, set to open at a pressure
somewhat higher than the load requirement and
divert the pump delivery to the tank when this
pressure is reached.

Safety Valves

Pressure Adjustable

Flow- Control Valves


Flow-control valves are used to regulate
the flow of fluid in hydraulic circuits by
manipulating the cross-section area
Control of fluid flow is extremely
important because the rate of movement
of machine elements depends on the rate
of flow of he pressurized hydraulic fluid
A variety of flow-control valves are used
in hydraulic circuits: sliding-spool, needle,
globe, gate, non-compensated, combined
and compensated valves, check valve

Flow- Control Valves


cont

Basic two-way valves: (a) Needle valve.


(b) Globe valve. (c) Gate valve

Check Valves
This type of valve allows
flow in one direction but
prevents flow in the
opposite direction
During flow through the
valve, the fluid holds a flaptype gate, spherical ball,
flat disk, poppet, spool, or
some similar check element
off the valve seat.
When the fluid flow
reverses, the weight of the
fluid, a spring force, or
gravity forces the check
element onto its seat,
preventing flow past the
valve
Check valves may be built
as part of other types of
flow-control devices.

Pilot check valve

Direction Control Valve


It controls the start, stop and
direction of pressurized fluid
It is a cylindrical chamber
with a spool or poppet that
moves so as to close or open
a particular pass-way for
pressurized fluid
It is designated according to
the number of positions that
a spool moves and number of
ports
Eg. 4/3 way valve has 4 ports
and 3 positions

4/3 way valve

Operators
(a) Spring actuator (b)
Attached to box. (c) Basic
pilot symbol (d) Springcentered pilot assembly
(e) Pilot differential (f)
Manual operator i.e., foot,
hand, leg, arm. (g) Push
button. (h) Lever. (i) Pedal
or treadle. (j) Plunger or
tracer (k) Detent (1)
Solenoid (m) Solenoid
with two windings
operating in opposite
directions. (n) Reversing
motor (o) Solenoid OR
pilot, solenoid AND pilot
directional valve

Manual operated

Solenoid operated

Pilot operated

Hydraulic circuit

Hydraulic Component
Symbols

Hydraulic Component Symbols


cont..

Hydraulic Component Symbols


cont..

Hydraulic Component Symbols


cont..

Hydraulic Component Symbols


cont..

Electro-Hydraulics
In Electro-Hydraulics, hydraulic system is
controlled using electrical and electronic
components such as Push Buttons, Proximity
Switches, Relays, Solenoids and PLC are used
.

Thank you for listening

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