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Introduction to Hydraulics
Hydraulics is power transmission that uses
pressurized liquid to transmit energy from
generation point to point of utilization
Hydraulic systems are power transmitting
assemblies employing pressured liquids
Advantage: 1. High force/torque due to
force multiplication
2. Precise position and speed control
3. Stall load conditions
4. Sudden change in direction,
5. Small system volume
6. Intermediate stopping positions,
7. Less heating requirement etc.
Principles of Hydraulics
Pascals law: A force applied to a
confined fluid is transmitted in all
directions throughout the fluid
regardless of the shape of the container.
Force Multiplication
F is measured in Newton or
F=PA
Pound
P = constant
F1/A1 = F2/A2 P is measured in N/m2, Pa,
Mechanical and
Hydraulic Energy
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Basic
components
Reservoir or
tank
Pump
Lines (pipe,
tubing, or
flexible hose)
Control valve
Actuating
device
Hydraulic Reservoir
Reservoir is used for storing hydraulic
fluid
Reservoir may be pressurized or non
pressurize
Pressurized one offers a positive flow of
hydraulic fluid into the pump
In a non-pressurized one atmospheric
pressure pushes the fluid into a pump or
fluid flows under gravity into the pump
Reservoir
Hydraulic Lines
Hydraulic Pump
When a hydraulic pump operates, it performs two
functions:
1. Its mechanical action creates a vacuum at the pump
inlet which allows atmospheric pressure to force liquid
from the reservoir into the inlet line to the pump.
2. Its mechanical action delivers this liquid to the pump
outlet and forces it into the hydraulic system.
A pump produces liquid movement or flow, it does not
generate pressure
It produces the flow necessary for the development of
pressure which is a function of resistance to fluid flow
in the system
For example, the pressure of the fluid at the pump
outlet is zero for a pump not connected to a system
(load).
For a pump delivering into a system, the pressure will
rise only to the level necessary to overcome the
resistance of the load.
Classification of pumps
All pumps are either positive-displacement
or non-positive displacement
Most pumps used in hydraulic systems are
positive-displacement.
A non-positive-displacement pump
produces a continuous flow but it does not
provide a positive internal seal against
slippage, so its output varies considerably
as pressure varies
Centrifugal and propeller pumps are
examples of non-positive-displacement
pumps
Classification of pumps
cont
If the output port of a non-positive-
Positive-displacement
principle
A positive-displacement pump is one that
Positive-displacement
principle
cont
If fluid slippage is substantial, the pump is
Non-positive displacement
pump Centrifugal pump
Gear pump
Lobe pump
Vane pump
Gerotor pump
Reciprocating pump
Bent axis axial piston pump
Gear Pump
Hydraulic Actuator
The pressurized liquid in the system is
directed by valves to either a hydraulic
motor when rotary force and motion is
needed or
When linear force or motion is desired, a
cylindrical tube fitted with a movable
piston, called a hydraulic cylinder, is often
used
Many hydraulic motors are similar to
pumps, except that the motor operates in
a reverse manner from a pump.
An actuator converts hydraulic energy to
mechanical energy
Hydraulic Cylinder
A basic cylinder consists of a cylinder body, cylinder end
caps, piston, piston rod, ports, and seals in the cylinder
body
The piston rod is attached to the piston and this
assembly is located in the chamber with the rod
extending through one of the end caps.
The closed chamber is divided into two parts by the
piston.
Ports are located in either parts
Forcing fluid into the cylinder through a port causes the
piston rod to move out of the cylinder on the extension
stroke and back into the cylinder on the retraction stroke.
Double acting
Single Acting
Cylinder
Extended by pressurized
fluid
Retracted by spring or
gravity
As for double acting
cylinder, it consists of a
cylinder and piston
One side of a piston has a
port and the other has a
spring for spring retraction
system
Telescoping Rams
A series of rams is nested in
the telescoping assembly.
With the exception of the
smallest ram, each ram is
hollow and serves as the
cylinder housing for the next
smaller ram.
The ram assembly is
contained in the main cylinder
assembly, which also provides
the fluid ports.
Used when longer stroke is
require while limited space for
cylinder
Has good mechanical strength
Hydraulic Motor
Resembles the
rotary pump whose
rotating element is
set into rotation by
the flow of
pressurized fluid
Mechanical energy
is tapped from the
shaft on which the
rotating element is
mounted
Accumulator
Functions
Energy storage
Pulsation absorption
Shock cushioning
Supplementary
pump pressure
Fluid dispensing
Types of accumulators
Hydro-pneumatic
Accumulator
Control Valve
The pressurized liquid in discharge
pipe is controlled by valves.
Three control functions are used in
most hydraulic system;
1. Control of the liquid pressure,
2. Control of the liquid flow rate, and
3. Control of the direction of flow of
the liquid.
Control valves controls the direction,
speed and force of the actuator
Relief Valve
Prevents working pressure from exceeding maximum
allowable pressure.
A relief valve can also be used to limit the torque or
force output of an actuator
The relief valve is connected between the pump
outlet (pressure line) and tank.
It is normally closed, set to open at a pressure
somewhat higher than the load requirement and
divert the pump delivery to the tank when this
pressure is reached.
Safety Valves
Pressure Adjustable
Check Valves
This type of valve allows
flow in one direction but
prevents flow in the
opposite direction
During flow through the
valve, the fluid holds a flaptype gate, spherical ball,
flat disk, poppet, spool, or
some similar check element
off the valve seat.
When the fluid flow
reverses, the weight of the
fluid, a spring force, or
gravity forces the check
element onto its seat,
preventing flow past the
valve
Check valves may be built
as part of other types of
flow-control devices.
Operators
(a) Spring actuator (b)
Attached to box. (c) Basic
pilot symbol (d) Springcentered pilot assembly
(e) Pilot differential (f)
Manual operator i.e., foot,
hand, leg, arm. (g) Push
button. (h) Lever. (i) Pedal
or treadle. (j) Plunger or
tracer (k) Detent (1)
Solenoid (m) Solenoid
with two windings
operating in opposite
directions. (n) Reversing
motor (o) Solenoid OR
pilot, solenoid AND pilot
directional valve
Manual operated
Solenoid operated
Pilot operated
Hydraulic circuit
Hydraulic Component
Symbols
Electro-Hydraulics
In Electro-Hydraulics, hydraulic system is
controlled using electrical and electronic
components such as Push Buttons, Proximity
Switches, Relays, Solenoids and PLC are used
.