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Fundamentals
by:
Celestino A. Cole, Jr.
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OBJECTIVE
At the end of the presentation we will know the following:
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I. CONTROL
CIRCUIT AND
POWER CIRCUIT
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CONTROL
CIRCUIT
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POWE
R
CIRCUI
T
COMPLETE
MOTOR
CONTROL
CIRCUIT
II. LADDER
DIAGRAM AND
LOGIC
EQUIVALENTS
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LADDER DIAGRAM
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LADDER DIAGRAM
Advantages:
1. Capable of simplifying complicated motor
control circuits compare to schematic
diagrams.
VS.
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LADDER DIAGRAM
Advantages:
2. Easy to trace faults.
System start/stop
Float control
motor starter
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LADDER DIAGRAM
Advantages:
3. Easy to translate with logical circuits for advance
applications such as in PLC, process control automation,
embedded intelligent systems and SCADA.
PB1
PL = PB1* PB2
PL = PB1 +
PB2
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PB2
PB1
PB2
PL
PL
11
LADDER DIAGRAM
0V
VERTICAL
RAILS
COMPONENT
S
RUNG
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12
Input
Output
Auxiliary
contact
Input determines the initial state of the system.
Output functions either ON/OFF depending on the logic of the
input combination.
Auxiliary contact is dependent to the state of the device that
they are into. It changes its initial state from close to open or
vice versa once the device is activated
RUN SIMULATION
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III. MOTOR
CONTROL
COMPONENTS
AND
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Pushbutton switch
Limit switch
Selector switch
Footswitch
Toggle switch
15
MAGNETIC CONTACTOR
main contacts
A magnetic contactor is an
electrically
controlled
switch used for switching a
power circuit. It has main
contacts used for power
circuit and auxiliary contact
used for control circuit.
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Supply
terminals
Auxiliary
contact(s)
16
MAGNETIC CONTACTOR
Control circuit
RUN
RUN SIMULATION
SIMULATION
Power circuit
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CONTROL RELAY
A relay is an
electrically operated
switch. The principle
of operation is
similar to that of the
contactor but differs
in application.
While contactor is
used to control
motors. Control relay
on the other hand is
used to control the
operation of other
control components
particularly the
magnetic contactor.
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CONTROL RELAY
B
Magnetic
contactor
19
TIMER
Relay timer contains an auxiliary
contacts NO and NC that can be
integrated into motor control
circuits. The initial state of its
contact will change when
activated after pre-determined
value.
The timer unit can be set into
seconds or minutes depending
on the application requirements.
For longer and iterative tasks,
real RUN
time SIMULATION
timers are available.
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THERMAL OVERLOAD
RELAY
Line
terminals
reset
Set value dial
Auxiliary contact(s)
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THERMAL OVERLOAD
RELAY
Principles of operation:
22
THERMAL OVERLOAD
RELAY
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23
THERMAL OVERLOAD
RELAY
Characteristics:
1. Allow harmless temporary overloads
(such as motor starting) without disrupting
the circuit.
2. Trip and open a circuit if current is high
enough to cause motor damage over a
period of time.
3. Can be reset once the overload is
removed.
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Electronic overcurrent
relay
is
used
to
protect
the
motor
against
Unlike overload.
thermal
overload relay this
component
uses
current to trigger once
there is overload.
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This component
protects the motor
against over voltage
and under voltage
situation.
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1
1
1
4
2
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
2
2
Over-voltage
alarm
Under-voltage
alarm
27
28
PL/PS NC contacts
PHASE
PROTECT
ION
RELAY
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Temperature controller
Pressure transmitter
Humidity sensor
Gas leak detector
Proximity switch
Light sensor
30
Example: The specs indicate that the controller needs PT100 type
thermocouple to operate
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Temperature sensor
Pressure transmitter
Gas leak detector
Smoke sensor
INPU
T
INPU
T
INPU
T
The controller
will
process the
detected signal
and
transformed it
into an output
in the form of
discrete or
analogue.
OUTPU
T
Discrete output
such as NO and
NC contacts
OUTPU
T
Analogue
output such as
4-20 mA and 010 volts
Theoretical background
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w/ analog
output
PLATINUM
RESISTANCE
THERMOMETERS FOR
REMOTE SENSING
w/ auxiliary
contacts
33
15
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34
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IV. SOLID
STATE MOTOR
CONTROL AND
PLC
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48 VAC
supply
Control relay
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38
39
40
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*SOFTWA
RE
*FIRMWA
RE
*PROGRA
M
The program
is downloaded
to PLC or
microcontrolle
r
MICROMICROCONTROLLER
CONTROLLER
,, PLC,
PLC,
ELECTRIC
ELECTRIC
MOTOR
MOTOR
MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC
CONTACTOR
CONTACTOR
CONTROL
CONTROL
RELAY
RELAY
The PLC or
microcontrolle
r will process
the
instructions
received.
41
FEEDBA
CK
SIGNALS
SENSOR
DETECTION
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CONTROLLER,
TRANSDUCER
AND
TRANSMITTER
42
THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!
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THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!
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44