Das Foundation Engineering 8e SI Chapter04

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition
Das
Chapter 4
Shallow
Foundations:
Ultimate
Bearing
Capacity
2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
Das
Introduction
Shallow foundations must have two main characteristics:
1. Be safe against overall shear failure in the soil.
2. Cannot undergo excessive displacement or settlement.
Ultimate bearing capacity: The load per unit area of the

foundation at which shear failure in soil occurs.
Das
Introduction
This chapter discusses the following:
Development of the theoretical relationship for ultimate
bearing capacity of shallow foundations subjected to
centric vertical loading.
Effect of the location of water table and soil
compressibility on ultimate bearing capacity.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations subjected to
vertical eccentric loading and eccentrically inclined
loading.
3
Das
General Concept
Consider a strip foundation with a width of B resting on
the surface of a dense sand or stiff cohesive soil.
If a load is gradually applied foundation, settlement will
increase.
Das
General Concept
Failure in the soil supporting the foundation will take place
at a certain point when load per unit area reaches a
certain value.
The tipping point of this load per unit area is called the
ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation ( qu).
General shear failure is the term used for the sudden
failure in the soil.
Das
General Concept
For foundations resting on sand or clayey soil of medium
compaction, increasing the load will increase in
settlement.
Failure surface in the soil will gradually extend outward
from the foundation shown by the solid lines in the figure.
Das
General Concept
When the load per unit area on the foundation equals qu(1) ,
movement of the foundation will be accompanied by sudden
jerks
qu(1) is referred to as the first failure load
A considerable movement is then required for the failure

surface in soil to extend to the ground surface
This is shown in the previous figure by the dashed lines
The load per unit area at which this happens is the ultimate
bearing capacity ( q ).
u
Das
General Concept
If the foundation is supported by a fairly loose soil, the
loadsettlement plot will be like this figure.
Here the failure surface in soil will not extend to the ground
surface.
Beyond the ultimate failure load ( q ) the loadsettlement plot
u
will be steep and practically linear. This type of failure in soil is
called the punching shear failure.
8
Das
General Concept
Relationship for the mode of bearing capacity failure of foundations
resting on sands.
Dr = relative density of sand

D = depth of foundation measured from the ground surface
f
= width of foundation
= length of foundation
B L for square foundations
for circular foundations so
B L diameter
9
B* B
2BL
B
B L
*
Das
General Concept
This figure shows the settlement ( Su ) of the circular and
rectangular plates a sand at ultimate load.
10
Das
General Concept
Foundations at a shallow depth ( small,Df / B*) show the
ultimate load occurring at a settlement of 4 to 10% of B.
This condition occurs with general shear failure in soil.
For local or punching shear failure, the ultimate load may

occur at settlements of 15 to 25% of the width of the
foundation (B).
11
Das
Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

According to Terzaghi, a foundation is shallow if its depth ( Df ) is less
than or equal to its width.
Later investigators suggested that foundations equal to 3 to 4 times

their width be defined as shallow foundations.
The effect of soil above the bottom of the foundation may be assumed
to be replaced by an equivalent surcharge
q Df .
( = unit weight of soil)
For a continuous or strip foundation the failure surface in soil at

ultimate load may be assumed to be similar to that shown in the
figure.
12
Das
The failure zone under the foundation can be separated into three
parts:
1. The triangular zone ACD immediately under the foundation
2. The radial shear zones ADF and CDE, with the curves DE and DF
being arcs of a logarithmic spiral
3. Two triangular Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG
(The angles CAD and ACD are assumed to be equal to the soil friction
angle '.)
13
Das

The ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation can be obtained by
considering the equilibrium of the triangular wedge ACD from the
previous figure and shown on a larger scale here.
14
Das

If the load per unit area is applied to the foundation and general shear
failure occurs, the passive force will act on each of the faces of the soil
wedge.
Consider that AD and CD are two walls that are pushing the soil
wedges ADFH and CDEG, respectively, to cause passive failure.
Passive force should be inclined at an angle '(angle of wall friction) to
the perpendicular drawn to the wedge faces (AD and CD).
15
Das

For equilibrium we have the equation
(qu )(2b)(1) W 2Csin ' 2Pp
b B/ 2
W = weight of soil wedge ACD = b2 tan '
= cohesive force acting along each face, AD and CD, that is equal to
C
the unit cohesion times the length of each face =
c'b/ (cos ')
Thus,
or
16
2bqu 2Pp 2bc' tan ' b2 tan '

Pp
b
qu c tan tan '
b
2
'
'
Das

The passive pressure is the sum of the contribution of the weight of
soil ( ), cohesion ( c'), and surcharge ( q ).
The following figure shows the distribution of passive pressure from
each of these components on the wedge face CD.
K ,K candKare
earth pressure coefficients that are functions of the soil
q
friction angle ( ').
Taking these figures into consideration we can now write the equation
1
Pp (btan ' )2 K c'(btan ' )Kc q(btan ' )K q
2
17
Das
18
Das

Combining Equations
Pp
b
1
'
' 2
'
'
'
q
c
tan
tan
u
and p 2 (btan ) K c (btan )Kc q(btan )Kq
b
2
'
'
1
We now can write the equation qu c Nc qNq BN
2
'
'
Nc tan (Kc 1)
Nq Kq tan '
1
N tan '(K tan ' 1)
2
N ,N andN = bearing capacity factors

c
q
19
Das

Since Kc ,KqandK are very tedious to calculate, Terzaghi
created the following relations:
If
0 and c 0
qu qq qNq
Where
Nq
20
2(3 / 4 '/ 2)tan '
'
2cos2(45 )
2
Das

'
q
c
Nc
If 0 and q 0 then u
c
where
Nc cot [
'
21
2(3 / 4 '/ 2)tan '
'
2cos2( )
4 2
1] cot '(Nq 1)
Das

If c' 0 and q 0
1
Then qu qy BN
2
22
Das

Variations on bearing capacity factors are given below.
23
Das

To estimate the ultimate bearing capacity of square and
circular foundations, use the following equations.
qu 1.3c'Nc qNq 0.4 BN Square foundation

qu 1.3c'Nc qNq 0.3 BN
Circular foundation (
24
B diameter
)
Das
Factor of Safety
Calculating allowable load-bearing capacity of shallow foundations
requires the applying a factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate
bearing capacity.
qall
qu
FS
Some engineers prefer

Net stress increase on soil = Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity
FS
25
Das
Factor of Safety
Net ultimate bearing capacity: The ultimate pressure per unit area of
the foundation that can be supported by the soil in excess of the
pressure caused by the surrounding soil at the foundation level.
If the difference between the unit weight of concrete used in the
foundation and the unit weight of soil surrounding is assumed to be
negligible, then qnet(u) qu q.
qnet(u) = net ultimate bearing capacity

So
26
qu q
qall(net )
FS
q Df
(here the factor of safety should be at least 3)
Das
Modification of Bearing Capacity Equations for Water Table

If the water table is close to the foundation, some modifications to the
previous bearing capacity equations must be made.
27
Das

Case I.
If the water table is located so that 0 D1 Df , the factor
q in the bearing capacity equations takes the form
q = effective surcharge = D1 D2( sat w )
sat= saturated unit weight of soil
28
w= unit weight of water
Das

Case II.
For a water table located so that
0 d B
q Df
In this case, the factor in the last term of the bearing

capacity equations must be replaced by the factor
d
' ( ' )
B
Based on the assumption that there is no seepage force in the soil.
29
Das

Case III.
When the water table is located so that d Bthe water
will have no effect on the ultimate bearing capacity.
30
Das
The General Bearing Capacity Equation

Previous equations do not address the case of rectangular foundations.
They also do not consider shearing resistance along the failure surface
in soil above the bottom of the foundation.
Also, the load on the foundation may be inclined.
31
Das
The General Bearing Capacity Equation

To account for all those shortcomings, Meyerhof suggested the following
equation:
1
qu c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
C'=cohesion
q
=effective stress at the lever of the bottom of the foundation
=unit weight of soil

B=width of foundation (=diameter for a circular foundation)
F ,F ,F
cs qs s
=shape factors
Fcd ,Fqd ,F d
=depth factors
Fci ,Fqi ,F i
=load inclination factors
Nc ,Nq ,N
32
=bearing capacity factors
Das
Bearing Capacity Factors

The angle shown in the figure below is closer to
'
'
45 / 2 than .
33
Das
Bearing Capacity Factors

If the previous changes are accepted, then the following
equations should be employed:
'
'
Nq tan2(45 )e tan
2
N 2(Nq 1)tan
'
Nc (Nq 1)cot '
Relations between 'andN can be found on the following table.
34
Das
Shape, Depth, and Inclination Factors

Commonly used shape, depth, and inclination factors are
given in the following tables.
35
Das
Shape, Depth, and Inclination Factors
36
Das
Other Solutions for Bearing Capacity (N ), Shape, and

Depth Factors
Other equations for bearing capacity factors
37
Das

Depth Factors
Variations of
38
N with soil friction angle ( )'
Das

Depth Factors
Variations of
39
N with soil friction angle ( )'
Das
Shape and Depth Factors

Shape and depth factors proposed by Meyerhof
40
Das
Shape and Depth Factors

Zhu and Michalowski shape factors based on the
elastoplastic model of soil and finite element analysis.
B 0.5
Fcs 1(1.8tan 0.1)( )
L
2
41
'
B 0.5
Fqs 1(1.9tan )( )
L
'
Das
Case Studies on Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Corn Silo bearing capacity failure
Load per unit area foundation when failure occurred 160kN /
1
qu cNcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
42
PI 36
Cu 27.1
B 7.2
Df 1.52
m2
Das
43
Das

Corn Silo bearing capacity failure
1
qu c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
FS= q / applied load per unit area

u
FS=181.8= 1.14
160
This factor of safety is too low and approximately equals one, for which
failure occurred for the silo.
44
Das
Load Tests on Small Foundations in Soft Bangkok Clay

Load tests of five small square foundations on soft clay.
According to the figure
zero and 1.5 m.
Cu(VST ) is about 35 kN/m2 for depths between
Cu(VST )
is approximately equal to 24k N/m2 for depths varying from 1.5

to 8 m.
45
Das
Load Tests on Small Foundations in Soft Bangkok Clay

The figure shows the load-settlement plots obtained from the bearingcapacity tests on all five foundations.
The ultimate loads are shown and can be determined from the graph.
The ultimate load is defined as the point where the load-settlement
plot becomes practically linear.
46
Das
Effect of Soil Compressibility

Vesic proposed the following equation to account for
change in failure due to soil compressibility:
1
qu cNcFcsFcdFcc qNqFqsFqdFqc BN F sF dF c
2
'
F ,F andF are soil compressibility factors.

cc qc
c
47
Das

Calculating F ,F andF
cc qc
c
1. Determine rigidity index I at a soil depth
r
approximately B/ 2 below the bottom of the
foundation.
Ir
Gs
c' q' tan '
Gs= shear modulus of soil
q'= effective overburden pressure at depth of Df B/ 2

48
Das

2. Calculate critical rigidity index
1
B
'
I r(cr ) {exp[(3.30 0.45 )cot(45 )]}
2
L
2
Variations of I
with B/ L in the following table
r(cr )
49
Das

3. If I r I r(cr ) then
If
Fcc Fqc F c 1
I r I r(cr ) then
'
(3.07sin
)(log2I r )
B
'
F c Fqc exp{(4.4 0.6 )tan [
]}
'
L
1 sin
50

3. Contd
B
Fcc 0.32 0.12 0.60logI r
L
For
0 use
'
Fcc Fqc
51
1 Fqc
Nq tan '
Das
Das
Eccentrically Loaded Foundations

In several instances, as with the base of a retaining wall,
foundations are subjected to moments in addition to the
vertical load.
In this situation the distribution of pressure by the

foundation on the soil is not uniform.
52
Das

The nominal distribution of pressure is
Q = 6M
vertical
load
Q
qmax
total
BL B2L
Q 6M
qmin
=2 moment
on the foundation
M
BL B L
53
Das

Using the equation
M
e
Q
We get
Q
6e
qmax (1 )
BL
B
and
Q
6e
qmin (1 )
BL
B
54
Das

When the eccentricity ebecomes B/ 6, then qmin is zero.
When e B/ 6, qmin will be negative and tension will
develop.
Soil cannot take any tension, so there will be a separation
between the foundation and the underlying soil.
The value of
55
4Q
qmax
3L(B 2e)
Das

The figure shows the nature of failure surface in soil for a
surface strip foundation subjected to an eccentric load.
The factor of safety for such type of loading against

bearing capacity failure is
FS
Qu
56
Qu
Q
= Ultimate load carrying capacity
Das
Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Eccentric LoadingOneWay Eccentricity
Effective Area Method

Used for determining the ultimate load that the soil can
support and the factor of safety against bearing capacity
failure.
57
Das

Step 1. Determine the effective dimensions of the
foundation.
B'= effective width = B 2e
L'= effective length = L
If the eccentricity were in the direction of the length of the foundation,

the value of L' would be equal to L 2e. The value of B' would equal B.
The smaller of the two dimensions is the effective width of the
foundation.
58
Das
59
Das

1
qu c'NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
Step 2.
Use the equation above to determine ultimate bearing
capacity.
Use relationships in Table 4.3 to determine
Fcs ,Fqs ,F s ,Fcd ,Fqd ,F d

(use the effective width and length dimensions)
60
Das
61
Das
62
Das

Step 3. The total ultimate load that the foundation can
sustain is
'
'
'
'
u
Q A {(qu(B )(L )}
'
A = effective area
63
Das

Step 4. The factor of safety against bearing capacity failure is
FS
Qu
Q
q'u is the ultimate bearing capacity of a foundation of width B' B 2e
with a centric load.
The actual distribution of soil reaction at ultimate load will be of the

type shown in Figure to follow.
qu(e) is the average load per unit area of the foundation. Thus
'
u
q (B 2e)
qu(e)
B
64
Das
65
Das
Prakash and Saran Theory

Analysis of the problem of ultimate bearing capacity of
eccentrically and vertically loaded continuous (strip)
foundations.
Uses the one-sided failure surface in soil.
66
Das

The ultimate load per unit length of a continuous
foundation is determined by the equation
1
Qu qu(e)B [c Nc(e) qNq(e) BN y(e) ]
2
'
Nc(e) ,Nq(e) ,N y(e) = bearing capacity factors under
eccentric loading.
67
Das

The variations of Nc(e) ,Nq(e) ,N y(e) with soil angle are given
in the following figures.
68
69
Das
70
Das
71
Das
Das

For rectangular foundations the ultimate load can be given
as
1
'
Qu BL[cN
c( e)Fcs( e) qNq( e)Fqs( e) BN ( e)F s( e) ]
2
Fcs(e) ,Fqs(e) ,F s(e) = Shape Factors

L
Fcs(e) 1.2 0.025
B
Fqs(e) 1
2e
B
3e B 2
F s(e) 1.0( 0.68) [0.43( )]( )
B
L
2B L
72
Das
Reduction Factor Method (For Granular Soil)

Stability analysis of eccentrically loaded continuous foundations
supported by a layer of sand using the method of slices.
Rk 1
qu(e)
qu(centric)
ek
Rk = Reduction Factor = Rk a( )
B
qu(e)= average ultimate bearing capacity of eccentrically loaded
continuous foundations
qu = ultimate bearing capacity of centrally loaded continuous
foundations.
a and k = functions of the embedment ratio found on the

next slide.
73
Das
Combining the equations on the previous slide we get
ek
qu(e) qu(1 Rk ) qu[1 a( ) ]
B
1
qu qNqFqd BN F d
2
74
Das

Based on lab tests
2e
qu(e) qu(1 )
B
The ultimate load per unit length of the foundation can
then be given as
Qu Bqu(e)
75
Das
Bearing CapacityTwo-Way Eccentricity

Consider a foundation is subjected to a vertical ultimate
load and a moment as shown in Figures. For this case,
the components of the moment about the x- and y-axes
can be determined as Mxand M y, respectively.
76
Das

This condition is equivalent to a load Qu placed
eccentrically on the foundation with x eB and y eL.
eB
My
Qu
Mx
eL
Qu
Qu qu' A'
1 '
q c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi B N F sF dF i
2
'
u
'
A' = effective area = B'L'
77
Das

The terms F ,F andFcan be found using the table below.
cs qs
s
Use effective
78
B'and L' width and length instead of
Band L
Das

The terms F ,F andFcan be found using the table below.
cs qs
s
Use effective
79
B'and L' width and length instead of
Band L
Das

To determine
Fcd ,Fqd ,F ddo not replace
In determining
'
A B
1
Case I: e / L
L
6
',
and
Bwith B.
'
, there are five possibilities.
1
and e / B
B
6
80
'
Das

Case I:
1
1
eL / L and eB / B
6
6
The effective area in this condition is shown in the figure
81
Das

For Case I, the following equations apply
3eB
B1 B(1.5
)
B
1
A B1L1
2
'
L1 L(1.5
82
3eL
L
'
A
B '
L
'
Das

Case II:
eL / L 0.5 and 0 eB / B
1
6
The effective area is show in the figure below
83
Das

For Case II, the following equations apply
1
A (L1 L2 )B
2
'
'
A
B'
L1 or L 2(use whichever L value is larger)
L value is larger)
L' L1(use
orwhichever
L2
84
Das

Case III:
1and
eL / L
0 eB / B 0.5
6
The effective area is shown in the figure below.
85
Das

For Case III, the following equations apply
1
A (B1 B2 )L
2
'
86
LL
'
'
A
B
L
'
Das

The magnitudes for
below.
87
B1and B can be found from the figure

2
Das

Case IV:
1
1
eL / L and e / B
B
6
6
Effective area can be determined by the figure below
88
Das

The ratio B / B can be determined using the upward
2
sloping lines in the figure below.
The ratio L / L can be determined from the downward
2
sloping lines in the figure below.
89
Das

For Case IV, the following equations apply.
1
A L2B (B B2)(L L2 )
2
'
'
A
B
L
'
LL
'
90
Das

Case V:
In the case of circular foundations under eccentric loading, the
eccentricity is always one way.
The effective area and effective width are determined from the table
below.
The values from the table allow us to apply the equation

91
'
A
L' ' .
B
Das
Bearing Capacity of a Continuous Foundation Subjected to

Eccentrically Inclined Loading
Shallow continuous foundations are at times subjected to
eccentrically inclined loads.
The figure shows two possible modes of load application.
92
Das

In the figure the line of load application of the foundation
is inclined toward the center line of the foundation.
This is referred to as partially compensated by Perloff and
Baron.
93
Das

The line load application on the foundation can be inclined
away from the center line of the foundation.
This is called the reinforced case by Perloff and Baron and
is shown in the figure below.
94
Das
Partially Compensated Case

Start with the equation
1 '
q c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi B N F sF dF i
2
'
u
'
For a continuous foundation F F F 1and

cs
qs
s
'
B B 2e can be determined from the tables on the
following slide.
95
Das

Depth and inclination
factors
96
Bearing capacity
factors
Das

After determining the value for
equation
'
we can apply the
u
(q'u )(B' )(1) q'u(B 2e)

Qu(ei)
cos
cos
It has been proposed to use a reduction factor to estimate
Q for granular soil
u(ei )
QReduction
q B(RF)
=
factor
u(ei )
RF
qu= ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation with centric vertical

loading
97
Das

The reduction factor is determined by the equation
Combining the previous equations we get
98
Reinforced Case (Granular Soil)

Use equation
99
Das

Das Foundation Engineering 8e SI Chapter04

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Das Foundation Engineering 8e SI Chapter04

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2. Cannot undergo excessive displacement or settlement.

Ultimate bearing capacity: The load per unit area of the

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

qu(1) is referred to as the first failure load

A considerable movement is then required for the failure

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Dr = relative density of sand

B L for square foundations

for circular foundations so

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

This condition occurs with general shear failure in soil.

For local or punching shear failure, the ultimate load may

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

Later investigators suggested that foundations equal to 3 to 4 times

For a continuous or strip foundation the failure surface in soil at

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

(qu )(2b)(1) W 2Csin ' 2Pp

W = weight of soil wedge ACD = b2 tan '

c'b/ (cos ')

2bqu 2Pp 2bc' tan ' b2 tan '

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition

Terzaghis Bearing Capacity Theory

N ,N andN = bearing capacity factors

2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.

Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8th edition