Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
• Introduction to Surveying
• Measurement of distance
Geodetic Surveying
Topographical Surveying
Hydrographic Surveying
Engineering Surveying
Engineering Surveying is used to
Vertical Distances by
Angles by:
Magnetic Compass Sextant Theodolite
Measurement of Angles
A
Vertical Angle
(Elevation +ve)
Horizontal
Angle P
Vertical Angle
(Depression -ve)
B
A
Vertical Angle
P
Horizontal
Angle Vertical Angle
B
A
Horizontal angles
Vertical Angle are the same
But
Vertical angles
vary with
elevation
(height)
I of instrument
P
Vertical Angle
B
THEODOLITE
(For Measuring Angles)
Setting up a Theodolite
Ensure that :-
• the tripod head is approximately level
• the tripod feet are firmly fixed in the ground
This should be done BEFORE removing the theodolite from its box.
Tripod Head
Tripod Feet
Tripod Head Horizontal
Tripod
Height -
middle to
upper
chest
Feet - Dug
height
into ground
(if possible)
Setting up a Theodolite
Place the theodolite on top of the tripod, and tighten the
centring screw to clamp the theodolite centrally on the tripod
head.
Hold Theodolite
by handle
Attach to tripod
head
Do not let go
of handle
until theodolite
is attached to
tripod.
Tribrach
Levelling
Screw
or
Foot Screw
For
accurate
Plate Bubble
levelling
Pond
Bubble
For
approximate
levelling
Standing
axis
Internal
Focus
(For sighting
object)
Eyepiece Trunnion
Focus
axis
(For cross
hairs)
Collimation
Axis
Levelling up a Theodolite
Position a) align the plate level bubble tube with two foot screws.
Position a
Position a
Plate Level Bubble Tube
Required to move the
bubble to the right
Foot Screws
Position b
900 to position a
Bubble still follows LEFT THUMB
Position b
900 to position a
Position b
900 to position a
Repeat position a and b
Position b
Position a 900 to position a
Vertical Circle - (for vertical angles)
Face Left
F/L
Transit Telescope
Rotate Theodolite
Face Right
(F/R)
Some Typical Theodolite Diaphragms
This is FACE LEFT This is FACE RIGHT
Target
We need to superimpose
the theodolite diaphragm
over the target
This is how we should
sight a target for
horizontal angle
measurements.
This is how we should
sight a target for
vertical angle
measurements.
Example:
Theodolite - Instrument Errors
Plate Bubble Error . This is checked every time the
theodolite is set up.
Bench Mark:
Height of Instrument at First station (A) w.r.t. Bench Mark (x) =
Height of Instrument at Second station (B) w.r.t. Bench Mark (y) =
Horizontal distance between the two instrument stations (b) =
Difference in the height of instrument at first and second stations (s) =
A Left/Right
B Left/Right