Qualitative and

Quantitative Methods of
Data Collection and
Analysis

Objectives
Compare qualitative and quantitative
Methods of data collection and analysis
Topics
The Qualitative Method
Participatory Rural Appraisal

The Quantitative Methods

Deciding on methods

Offers specialized techniques for obtaining

in-depth responses from what people think
and feel

Participatory Rural
Appraisal
Is appropriate when:
The intervention is promoting participatory
principles in (re)-planning,
implementation, monitoring and
evaluation
An understanding of motivations and
perceptions is a priority
There is a need for contextual studies
before designing more complex monitoring
or impact assessment exercises (e.g. case
studies or surveys)

Triangulation
Using
Combination of methods (survey, FGDs,
KIs, Participant Observation)
Different sources of information
(primary, secondary)
multidisciplinary team (nutritionist, child
development specialist, institutional
expert)

Qualitative Methods
Focus Group Discussions
Key Informant Interviews
Direct Observation

FOCUS GROUP
DISCUSSIONS
(FGDs)

Focus group discussions

conducted for the purpose of
exploring peoples thoughts and
feelings and obtaining detailed
information about a particular topic
or issue (Sherraden, 2001)
generally last from an hour and a
half to two hours,usually composed
of seven or eight people, selected
purposively, based on a set of
criteria

Focus group discussions

Use a semi-structured
checklist of issues
constructed iteratively by the
research team.
Often seen as being a
participatory-type method

Advantages of FGD
Relatively easy to undertake
Efficient - interviewing a number of
people at the same time
Quick - results can often be obtained in
a reasonably short time span.
Flexible - the researcher can probe for
clarification or greater detail.
Unanticipated lines of discussion can
be pursued.

Advantages
Responses have high face validity
due to the clarity of the context
and detail of the discussion.
Focus groups can work well a
range of different populations,
including people who may have
limited education, modest verbal
skills, and low self-esteem, and
lack of prior experience expressing
personal views.

Steps in Conducting FGD

1. Formulate the research question
2. Identify and train moderators
3. Generate, pre-test, and revise the interview
guide
4. Decide what incentives to use to encourage
people to attend: payment, food and drink,
childcare, feedback on findings, a token gift,
transport to and from the site
5. Recruit participants - use local contacts to
identify people
6. Make necessary arrangements
schedule
setting,
equipment,

Steps
7. Conduct of FGD
Introduce everyone
Give name tags, can use masking tape
Explain the purpose of the focus group, how long it
will take, and what feedback they will get. Explain that
what participants say will be confidential
Sit everyone down so that everyone can see everyone
else.
Start the discussion, starting with easy topics first, but
make sure that the topics that you most want to cover
are towards the beginning of the session
Keep a record - tape recorder (audio tape with multidirectional microphone)
Prepare data and analyze

Key Informant Interview

(KII)

Key Informant Interview

Form of interview in which only some
of the questions are predetermined
Conducted one-on-one between the
respondent and the interviewer
Questions are generally open-ended
to leave space for the respondent to
answer in different ways

Key Informant Interview

Requires
Quick and creative thinking
That the interviewer to accurately
receive data, accurately recall data,
critically evaluate data, and act on the
data as they are received in order to
control and properly manage the
interview

Possible Uses of Seasonal

Calendar
Farm activities: crop production,
cropping pattern
Health-related data: incidence of
diseases
Prices: farm inputs, income streams
Expenditure pattern

QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF DATA

COLLECTION THROUGH SURVEY

Objective
At the end of the session, the
participants will be

familiar with survey as a quantitative

method of
collecting data for baseline and
benchmarks study.

Topics

Quantitative method of data collection

Survey method as a system of collecting
quantitative data
When to use survey
Strengths and weaknesses

Quantitative Method

Collecting numerical data

Quantitative data are considered
hard,
credible

Survey
Measurement procedure that involve
asking questions from respondents
Ranges from a short paper-and-pencil
feedback form to an extensive one-on
one
in-depth interview
Method of collecting information from
population or sample about their
ideas, feelings, plans, and beliefs.

Strengths and Weaknesses

Strengths
Suitable for collecting information from
large number of people
Allows researcher to obtain information
about things that cannot be observed
directly

Weakness
Expensive

Data Analysis and Processing

Data analysis
involves working
to uncover
patterns and
trends in data
sets;
Data
interpretation
involves
explaining those

Why analyze Information?

To refine understanding
Limit biases
Build a clear picture of a situation,
event, process and reach consensus

Descriptive Analysis
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean/Average
Calculate the Mean
Age of ten dairy farmers
45, 36, 29, 31, 56, 48, 35, 51, 36,
37 n

404

x
i 1

10

x 40.4

X= (45+36+29+31+56+48+35+51+36+37) 10 = 40.4

Descriptive Analysis
Measures of Central
Tendency
Median
Calculate the Median
Age of ten dairy farmers
45, 36, 29, 31, 56, 48, 35, 51, 36,
37
29, 31, 35, 36, 36, 37, 45, 48,
51, 56

36 37
Median
2

= 36.5

Descriptive Analysis
Measures of Central
Tendency
Mode: most frequent
Calculate the Mode
observations
Age of ten dairy farmers
45, 36, 29, 31, 56, 48, 35, 51, 36,
37
29, 31, 35, 36, 36, 37, 45, 48, 51, 56
Mode = 36

Measures of Dispersion
Range
difference between the highest
and lowest number
29, 31, 35, 36, 36, 37, 45, 48,
51, 56
Given: Highest = 56
Lowest = 29
Range = Highest number Lowest number
= 56 29
= 27

Descriptive Statistics
Ratio and Rate
number of males
Sex Ratio = ------------------------ x 100
number of females
12,546
Sex Ratio = --------11,255

x 100 = 111.47 males per

100 females

Crude death rate = 6 deaths per 1000 population

Source: NSO

Growth Rates:
1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):

r t

t1
t1

x100

where:
t2 = value at second date
t1 = value for a base date
r = rate of change in percent

Growth Rates:
1. LINEAR GROWTH RATE (r):

Computing the change

between points or periods
28 21
r
x100
21

33.33%

Palay production (000MT), MIMAROPA and

Romblon, 2010 to 2014
Region/Provi
2010
nce

2011

2012

2013

2014

MIMAROPA

1,030. 1,033. 1,081.

857.5 981.7 6
9
9

Romblon

31.8

Data Source: PSA

35.5

35.9

32.5

32.6

Growth Rate of Palay

production
What is palay

Region/Ye
ar

2013

2014

MIMAROPA 1,033.9 1,081.9

Prodn

production
growth rate from
2013 to 2014 in
MIMAROPA?

Prodn 2013
r = ------------------------------- x

2014

100
Prodn 2013
1,081.9 1,033.9

= --------------------------- x 100
1,033.9

Growth Rate of Palay

production

1,081.9 1,033.9
r = ---------------------------

100
1,033.9
47.94

------------

100
1,033.9
= 0.0464 x 100
= 4.64 %

So, from Year 2013 to 2014, palay production

in MIMAROPA increased by 4.64%

Projection Formula:
t2 = t1 + (r x t1)
where:
t2 = production at second date
t1 = production for a base date
r = rate of change

Projection of Palay Production

Year

2014

2015

201
6

???

???

MIMAROPA 1,081.9

What is your
forecast of palay
production in 2015
and 2016 in
MIMAROPA?

Using the 4.64% growth rate, we can project palay

production in MIMAROPA, first, in year 2015
Prodn 2015 = Prodn 2014 + (GR x Prodn2014)
= 1,081.9 + (0.0464 x 1,081.9)
= 1,081.9 + 50.2
= 1,132.04 thousand metric tons

Projection of Palay Production

Year

2014

MIMAROPA 1,081.9

201
2015
6
???

???

What is your
forecast of palay
production in 2015
and 2016 in
MIMAROPA?

Again, using the 4.64% growth rate, we can project palay

production in MIMAROPA in 2016
Prodn 2016 = Prodn 2015 + (GR x Prodn2015)
= 1,132.04 + (0.0464 x 1,132.04)
= 1,132.04 + 52.48
= 1,184.52 thousand metric tons

Projected Palay Production

(000 metric tons), MIMAROPA,
2015 and 2016
Year
MIMAROP
A

2014

2015

2016

1,081.9

1,132. 1,184.5
04
2

Projected Palay Production (000

MT) MIMAROPA, 2015 and 2016

Volume (thousand MT)

1,400.0
1,200.0
1,000.0
800.0
600.0
400.0
200.0
-

Frequency Distribution

REGION/PROVINCE
MARINDUQUE
OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO
ORIENTAL MINDORO
PALAWAN

RICE CONSUMPTION
000MT
PERCENT
22,510

9.4

39,500

16.5

70,768

29.6

78,618

32.9

Percent of rice consumed in

ROMBLON
11.5
Marinduque to27,420
total rice
REGION IVB consumption in
MIMAROPA
MIMAROPA
238,815
100.0
= (Marinduque MIMAROPA) x 100
= (22,510 238,815) x 100
= 0.094 x 100
= 9.4%

Frequency table and graphical

presentation
Problem
1990 2000
Lack of
capital
39.11 38.76
Lack of
Irrigation 20.35 10.66
Pest and
diseases
18.5 19.78
Natural
Calamities 11.94 6.96
Others

2006
36.35
15.26
21.24

Figure 1. Agricultural production

problems, Philippines: 1990, 2000 &
2006.
40
35

14

10.09

3.94

5.27

None

19.9

7.87

Total

100

100

100

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Bar Graph

1990

2000

2006

Exercise
Given the
following data:

PROVINCE

MARINDUQUE
Compute the
relative frequency OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO
distribution
ORIENTAL MINDORO
Prepare an
appropriate graph PALAWAN
using the absolute
ROMBLON
number of
REGION IVB respondents by
MIMAROPA
province

Populatio Perce
n
nt
271,900
502,400
882,600
1,025,800
335,300
3,018,000

THANK YOU..