Plain and Reinforced Concrete - 1

Mansoor Azam Qureshi

Concrete

concrete is a composite material that

consists essentially of a binding medium in
which
are
embedded
particles
or
fragments of aggregates.

The simplest definition of concrete can be

written as
concrete = filler + binder

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Concrete Binders

Binders
Nonhydraulic cement
Hydraulic cement
Asphalt
Polymer
Cement Concrete is commonly known as
concrete and Hydraulic cement concrete has
modern day concrete.

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The Great Wall, built in the Qin dynasty

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Pyramid built with gypsum mortar in Gaza, Egypt

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P
A
K
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Fillers

It is inert material forming bulk of

concrete.
Size of material is criteria for its
classification.
Coarse Aggregate.
Fine Aggregate

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Advent of Modern
Concrete

Nonhydraulic Cement Concrete

Use of lime by Roman 6500BC and Chinese 3000BC.
Use of Gypsum by Egyptians 3000BC

Production of Hydraulic Lime

Lime mixed with Volcanic ash by Romans and

Greeks.
Resistant to water.
50BC to 200AD
Smeaton (1756) showed Lime stone with clay
produced best Hydraulic lime
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Portland Cement

James Parker (1796) patent natural Hydraulic

cement. Limestone + Clay( Pozzolans)
Mixture of ground Limestone and pulverised
clay burnt in kiln and fine grinding of
material to make cement.
Joseph Aspdin named it as Portland cement
based on colour of limestone found in
Portland.
Issac Johnson (1845)improved burning to
Clinkering stage to produce modern cement.
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Composition of Concrete

Portland cement
+ water (& admixtures) cement
paste
+ fine aggregate mortar
+ coarse aggregate concrete
Admixtures are defined as materials
other than aggregate (fine and
coarse), water, and cement that are
added into a concrete.
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Concrete Ingredients

Cement
Binds the aggregates into a solid mass
Imparts strength to concrete
Makes concrete impermeable by filling up voids in

fine concrete

Sand
Fills the voids within coarse aggregates
Assists in hardening of cement by allowing water to

seep through its voids

Minimizes shrinking and cracking of concrete
Economizes concrete by varying its proportion for
strength
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Concrete Ingredients

Coarse Aggregate
Acts as main filler, forms the main bulk

mass
Binding material adheres on its surface
Imparts volumetric stability and durability to
concrete
Increases crushing strength, resistance to
wear and tear, and water tightness of
concrete
Economizes concrete since it is cheaper
than cement
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Concrete Ingredients

Water
Chemically combines with various

compounds to form binding medium

lubricates the surface of aggregates to
improve workability and compaction
Facilitates spreading of cement over fine
aggregate

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Concrete Ingredients

Admixtures
Air entraining agents
Retarding agents delay setting time
Accelerators set and acquire strength

rapidly
Water proofing agents pore filling, water
repelling
Pozzolanas non-cementing, but forms lime
compounds which are cementing
Pigments
Workability agents
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Advantages of Concrete

Economical
Harden at ambient temperature
Ability to be cast
Energy Efficient
Water resistant
High temperature resistance
Ability to consume waste
Ability to work with steel
Less Maintenance required
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Limitations

Brittle failure mode

Low tensile strength
Low toughness
Low specific strength
Need Formwork
Long curing time
Working with cracks

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WHY CONCRETE
The most widely used construction material is
concrete, commonly made by mixing
portland cement with sand, crushed rock, and
water. Last year in the U.S. 63 million tons of
portland cement were converted into 500
million tons of concrete, five times the
consumption by weight of steel. In many
countries the ratio of concrete consumption
to steel consumption exceeds ten to one. The
total world consumption of concrete last year
is estimated at three billion tons, or one ton
for every living human being. Man consumes
no material except
water in1 such
tremendous
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Pakistan has a per capita consumption of

131 kg of cement, well below the world
average of 270 kg. The average per
capita in the case of Iran and China is
470 kg and 625 kg respectively ( Dawn )

Cement consumption declined by 8.24 per cent

during the fiscal year 2010-11 as compared to
the last year

capacity utilization of the industry was at its

lowest at 76.12 Per cent
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Concrete Production
Stages

Batching or measurement of materials

Volume
(1 : m : n) cement : sand : aggregate.
50 kg cement bag is 34.5 liters

Weight

Mixing

Hand mixing. ((Cement + sand) + aggregate) + water

Machine mixing by concrete mixers

Tilting mixers
Non-tilting mixers
Reversing drum mixers
Pan type or stirring mixers
Transit mixer

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Concrete Production
Stages

Transporting
Mortar pan
Wheel barrow
Chutes
Dumper
Bucket and Ropeway
Belt conveyor
Skip and Hoist
Pumping
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Concrete Production
Stages

Placing. Place within 30 minutes after adding

water

Foundations
Beams, columns, slabs
Mass concreting
Highways and runways
Underwater concreting

Compacting

Hand compaction
Vibratory compaction
Spinning compaction
Jolting compaction
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Concrete Production
Stages

Curing

Water curing
Steam curing
Infra red radiation curing
Electrical curing
Chemical curing

Finishing

Formwork finishes
Surface treatments
Applied finishes
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