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Engine Management

Systems
A Brief Introduction

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Introduction
EMS is a type of electronic control unit
that controls the running of an engine by
monitoring the engine speed and ensure
optimal engine performance .

The Engine Management System (EMS) is


responsible for controlling the amount of fuel
being injected and for adjusting the ignition
timing. Optimum functioning of the EMS
assures maximum engine power, with the
lowest amount of exhaust emissions and the
lowest fuel consumption.

EMS SCHEMATIC
Sensor
I/P

ECU
Stage

Actuator
O/P

Sensors
Engine sensors in a vehicle are incorporated to
provide the correct amount of fuel for all operating
conditions. A large number of input sensors are
monitored by the engine control unit. Today, sensor
technology has become common in modern
vehicles. Sensors enhance safety of the people both on board and on road, control vehicle
emissions and make vehicles more efficient. In this
article, we will discuss different types of engine
sensors used in modern vehicles.

Mass Air Flow Sensor


(MAF)

. For measuring the volume


and density of air, the sensor
uses either a hot wire or a
The MAF sensor (electric
sensor) is an integral part heated filament. After the
of the engine system. It is measurement, it sends a
voltage signal to the computer.
located in a plastic covering With this, the computer can
between the engine and
calculate the right amount of
the air filter.
fuel needed to maintain the
The purpose of MAF is to correct fuel mixture for every
calculate the amount of air operating condition. If there is
any fault in the MAF sensor, it
intake by the engine, in
may result in rough idle,
terms of volume and
stalling and poor fuel economy.

density

Throttle Position
Sensor (TPS)
The Throttle Position Sensor
(TPS) is a variable resistor
attached or mounted on the
throttle body and is operated by
moving along with the throttle
shaft or spindle. The TPS
changes the resistances as the
throttle opens and closes, and
sends a voltage signal to the
computer showing the angle or
position of the throttle

Thus, the TPS causes the Electronic


Control Unit (ECU) to use the data to
measure the engine load, fuel delivery
adjust timing, acceleration, deceleration
when the engine is idle or in wide open
throttle, and then makes the changes
according to the operating conditions. Fuel
rate is either increased or decreased to
achieve this.

Coolant Temperature
Sensor (CTS)

The CTS measures the internal


temperature of the engine
The Coolant Temperature
Sensor (CTS) is a temperature coolant. It also senses the
changes in temperature and
dependent variable resistor
located on the cylinder head or sends a voltage signal to the
intake manifold. The CTS is an Powertrain Control Module
(PCM) for determining whether
important sensor and the
operating strategy of the engine the engine is cold or warming
depends on the signal it sends. up, is at normal operating
temperature or is overheating.
So, it is called the master
sensor.

Oxygen Sensor

Difference in the oxygen levels


creates an electrical potential,
The oxygen sensor is located on
which causes the sensor to
the exhaust manifold. This
generate a voltage signal. This
sensor monitors the amount of
helps the ECU to check the
unburned oxygen present in the
quality of fuel mixture to make
exhaust. When the fuel mixture
the changes accordingly. The
is rich, most of the oxygen is
sensor output will be high if the
exhausted during the
fuel mixture is rich, and the
combustion. So, only a little
sensor output will be low if the
unburned oxygen will be left out
fuel mixture is lean
in the exhaust

Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP)


The MAP is a key sensor as it senses the engine load. It
is mounted on the intake manifold. It monitors the
difference between the air pressure in the intake
manifold and outside. This sensor responds to the
vacuum in the intake manifold and generates a voltage
signal accordingly. It then sends the signal to the PCM.
The input of the sensor is used for adjusting the fuel
mixture and ignition timing, according to the changes.

Knock Sensor
The Knock Sensor detects engine
knock and sends a voltage signal
to the engine and the engine
uses that signal to control the
timing

Knocking (also knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging orpinking) in


spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the
air/fuel mixture in the cylinder does not start off correctly in response to
ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture
explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front.

Engine Speed Sensor


An engine speed sensor is
attached to crankshaft of car's
engine and it indicate the speed
that crankshaft is spinning. This
information is beneficial to control
both the ignition timing and EMS.

Engine Oil Sensor


It measures the oil pressure inside
the engine and gives an alert in
case of any problem with oil
pressure.

Crankshaft sensor
It is used to monitor the position and
rotational speed of crankshaft and these
information will be used by the EMS to
control the ignition system timing and other
engine parameters.

Camshaft Sensor
The Camshaft sensor determines
which cylinder is firing to establish
injector synchronization and coil
firing sequence in DIS systems
then only crankshaft sensor set
ignition timing, supply the signal
and measure the speed.

Multi-point fuel injection


In this system each cylinder has number of
injectors to supply/spray fuel in the cylinders
as compared to one injector located centrally
to supply/spray fuel in case of single point
injection system

Electronic
Fuel
Injection
System

ADVANTAGES

Ease of Control
Adaptable to multiple scenarios
Very low cost compared to mechanical systems
Occupy lesser space-compact engine bay
Less complicated design
Zero wear

AUTO TUNING
Software on ECU known as a map
New maps can be loaded to ECU [ process
known as re-mapping or flashing]
Complete access to parameters such as fuel
injection quantity, boost pressure, ignition
timing, idle speed setting
No costly equipment required, laptop, Tuner
EMS s/w & ODB cable
Plug & play ECUs with multiple maps
available.

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