Pharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands

Muscle layers skeletal; for swallowing

Inner longitudinal

Outer pharyngeal constrictors

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Esophagus

InterActive Physiology:
Secretion, page 6
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Figure 23.12

Digestive Processes in the Mouth

Food ingested

Mechanical digestion- (chewing)

Propulsion - swallowing

Amylase- starch

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Deglutition (Swallowing)

Coordinated activity of tongue, soft palate, pharynx,

esophagus, & 22 separate muscle groups

Buccal phase bolus forced into oropharynx

Pharyngeal-esophageal phase medulla & pons

All routes except into the digestive tract are sealed off

Peristalsis moves food through the pharynx to the

esophagus

Pharynx & esophagus- food from mouth to stomach

InterActive Physiology:
Motility, pages 4-5
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Deglutition (Swallowing)

Bolus of food

Tongue

Uvula

Pharynx
Epiglottis

Bolus
Epiglottis

Glottis
Esophagus

Trachea
(a) Upper esophageal
sphincter contracted

Bolus

(b) Upper esophageal

sphincter relaxed
Relaxed
muscles
Bolus of
food
Longitudinal
muscles
contract,
shortening
passageway
ahead of bolus
Gastroesophageal
sphincter closed

(d)
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(c) Upper esophageal

sphincter contracted

Circular muscles
contract,
constricting
passageway
and pushing
bolus down

Relaxed
muscles
Gastroesophageal
sphincter open

Stomach

(e)

Figure 23.13

Churn
mix

InterActive Physiology:
Motility, page 6
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Figure 23.14a

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

Epithelial lining is composed of:

Goblet cells that produce a coat of alkaline mucus

The mucous surface layer traps a bicarbonaterich fluid beneath it

Gastric pits contain gastric glands that secrete

gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23.15a

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

Goblet cells- alkaline

mucus; protective
acid mucus
HCl, intrinsic factor

pepsinogen
Histamine, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin
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Figure 23.15b

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach

InterActive Physiology:
Secretion, page 8

InterActive Physiology:
Motility, page 6

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23.15c

Stomach Lining

Stomach- can dissolve nails

To keep from digesting itself: mucosal barrier:

A thick bicarbonate-rich mucus

Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

Gastric glands with cells impermeable to HCl

Damaged epithelial cells quickly replaced

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Digestion in the Stomach

The stomach:

Holds ingested food

Degrades food physically & chemically

Pepsin- digests proteins

Delivers chyme to the small intestine

Intrinsic factor- vitamin B12

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Release of Gastric Juice: Stimulatory Events

Before food
enters

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Figure 23.16.1

Release of Gastric Juice: Inhibitory Events

Cephalic

Gastric

Intestinal
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Figure 23.16.2

Regulation and Mechanism of HCl Secretion

HCl secretion is stimulated by ACh, histamine, and

gastrin through second-messenger systems

Release of hydrochloric acid:

Is low if only one ligand binds to parietal cells

Is high if all three ligands bind to parietal cells

Antihistamines block H2 receptors and decrease

HCl release

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Regulation and Mechanism of HCl Secretion

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23.17

Response of the Stomach to Filling

Reflex-mediated events include:

Receptive relaxation as food travels thru

esophagus, stomach muscles relax

Adaptive relaxation as stomach fills, it dilates

Plasticity smooth muscle= stress-relaxation

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Gastric Contractile Activity

Peristaltic waves- move thru @ 3/min

Set by pacemaker cells (cells of Cajal)

Closer to pylorus> peristalsis, mixing

Chyme is either:

Delivered in small amounts to the duodenum or

Forced backward into the stomach for further

mixing
InterActive Physiology:
Motility, page 10

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Gastric Contractile Activity

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23.18

Regulation of Gastric Emptying

Neural, hormonal
inhibitions of emptying

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Figure 23.19

Small Intestine: Gross Anatomy

Runs from pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve

Has three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, and

ileum

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Duodenum and Related Organs

sphincter of Oddi

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Figure 23.20

Small Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

Structural modifications of the small intestine wall

increase surface area

Plicae circulares: deep circular folds of the mucosa

and submucosa

Villi fingerlike extensions of the mucosa

Microvilli tiny projections of absorptive mucosal

cells plasma membranes

PLAY

InterActive Physiology:
Anatomy Review, page 5

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Small Intestine: Microscopic Anatomy

3.

1.
Plicae
circulares

2.

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Figure 23.21

Small Intestine: Histology of the Wall

Mucosal epithelium:

Absorptive cells, goblet cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Intraepithelial T cells (IELs); killers

Intestinal crypts- intestinal juice

Peyers patches - submucosa

Brunners glands- duodenum; alkaline mucus

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Liver

The largest gland in the body

Four lobes right, left, caudate, and quadrate

Produces bile for fat digestion

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InterActive Physiology:
Secretion, pages 11-12

Gallbladder and Associated Ducts

1.

3.

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2.
4.

Figure 23.20

Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver

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Figure 23.24c, d

Liver: Microscopic Anatomy

Hepatocyte functions:

Produce Bile

Process bloodborne nutrients

Convert glucose residues to glycogen

Syntesize plasma proteins

Store fat-soluble vitamins

Detoxification

Secreted bile flows between hepatocytes toward the bile

ducts in the portal triads

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Composition/Functions of Bile

Bile salts - yellow-green, alkaline soln containing:

bile pigments (mostly bilirubin)

Cholesterol

neutral fats

Phospholipids

Electrolytes

Functions:

Emulsify fat

Facilitate fat, cholesterol absorption

Help solubilize cholesterol

Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts

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The Gallbladder

Green muscular sac- ventral surface of liver

Stores & concentrates bile

Releases bile

via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

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Regulation of Bile Release

4 Vagal stimulation causes
weak contractions of
gallbladder
3 Bile salts
and secretin
transported via
bloodstream
stimulate liver
to produce bile
more rapidly

5 Cholecystokinin
(via bloodstream)
causes gallbladder
to contract and
hepatopancreatic
sphincter to relax;
bile enters
duodenum

1 Acidic, fatty chyme

entering duodenum causes
release of cholecystokinin
and secretin from
duodenal wall
enteroendocrine cells

2 Cholecystokinin
and secretin enter the
bloodstream

6 Bile salts reabsorbed into blood

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Figure 23.25