Map Construction

Need more than two genes to determine the

orientation of genes on the chromosome
If you have three genes, can orient them on
the chromosome based on pair linkage
Not only single crossovers will occur

Map Construction
Non-crossovers (NCO), single crossovers (SCO) and
double crossovers (DCO)
Need to investigate three gene pairs
AaBbCc x aabbcc
A and B (SCO) 20% recombinants (rf=0.20)
B and C (SCO) 30% recombinants (rf=0.30)
DCO A/B and B/C rf expected = 0.20 x 0.30 = 0.06 or 6%
The expected frequency of DCO is always much lower
than SCO

Single and Double

Crossovers

Three-Point Mapping In
Drosophila
All three genes should be heterozygous
All phenotypes should be observed (usually
test cross is performed)
A sufficient number of progeny should be
produced
The double crossover genotype of the least
frequent classes is in the middle of the other
two flanking genes.

Calculation of the Distances

Between Genes
Drosophila cross
Scute bristles
Echinus eyes
Crossveinless wings

Class

Phenotype

Genotype

# observed

Scute, echinus,
crossveinless

sec

1158

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Wild type

+++
s++
+ec
se+
++c
s+c
+e+

1455
163
130
192
148
1
1
3248

Scute
Echinus, crossveinless
Scute, echinus
Crossveinless
Scute, crossveinless
Echinus
Total

Steps to Calculate the

Distance Between Genes
Step 1. Determine the number of the
parental (noncrossover, NCO) types
Step 2. Determine the phenotype
and number of the single crossover
products
Step 3. Determine the phenotypes
and number of the double crossover
products

Steps to Calculate the

Distance Between Genes
To calculate a distance between two genes in
a three-point mapping, add a number of
single crossovers between the two genes plus
the number of both double crossovers; divide
by total number and multiply by 100
Repeat for the second pair of genes
To verify, you may calculate the distance
between the third pair of genes

Map Construction
sc- ec = 163 + 130 + 2 = 295/3248x
100=9%
ec cv =192 + 148 + 2 = 342/3248 x 100 =
11%
sc cv = 163 +192 +130 + 148 =
633/3248= 0.194x100=19.4%
Map: sc----9cM---ec---11cM---cv

Another Cross
Drosophila

Singed bristles sn
Crossveinless wings cv
Vermilion eyes v
On X-chromosome

Class

phenotype

genotype

# observed

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

singed crossveinless vermilion

Scv
+cv
++v
+c+
Sc+
S+v
S++
+++
total

3
392
34
61
32
65
410
3
1000

crossveinless vermilion
vermilion
crossveinless
singed crossveinless
singed vermilion
singed
wild type

Map Construction
Identify parental classes (NCO): - s + c v
and s c+ v+
Then mothers genotype is s+ c v/s c+ v+
To determine the gene order, identify
double crossovers less numerous s c v
and s+ c+ v+
Suggest order: c+ v/ +s+

Map Construction
_____________________________________
Between c and s:
34+32+3+3=72/1000x100=7.2%
Between s and v:
61+65+3+3=132/1000x100=13.2%
c---7.2cM---s---13.2cM---v

Determining The Gene Sequence

Method 1. There are only three possible
orders
- Determine the arrangement of alleles on
each homolog of the heterozygous parent
- Determine whether a double-crossover
will produce the observed phenotype
- If suggested order does not produce the
observed phenotype, try another order

Determining The Gene Sequence

Method 2.
- Determine the arrangement of alleles on
the homologs of the heterozygote parent
- Determine the actual double-crossover
phenotypes
- Select the single allele that has been
switched this one will be in the middle

Figure 5-10b

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Interference
Interference reduces the expected number of multiple
crossovers when a crossover event in one region of
the chromosome inhibits a second event nearby.
Interference is positive if fewer double-crossover
events than expected occur and negative if more
double-crossover events than expected occur.
The coefficient of coincidence (C) is the observed
number of DCOs divided by the expected number of
DCOs

Interference
Inhibition of a crossover event in one region of
chromosome by another crossover nearby
Usually observed number of DCOs is less than
calculated from the distance between genes
Coefficient of coincidence, C:
C = Observed DCO/Expected DCO
Interference I = 1 - C

Coefficient of Coincidence
For the problem we solved,
observed frequency

c=

of double haploids =
expected frequency
of double crossovers

0.006
0.072 x 0.132

= 0.63

Genetic Problem
A woman has two dominant traits, cataract, which
she inherited from her father, and polydactyly,
which she inherited from her mother. Her
husband has neither trait.
If genes for these two traits are 15 cM apart on the
same chromosome, what is the chance that the first
child of this couple will have both traits?

Example 2. Predict the progeny

phenotypes and numbers for
this cross

Genetic Maps
There are some problems with preparing genetic
maps of chromosomes.
The probability of a crossover is not uniform
along

Genetic Maps
Some regions are "hot spots" for
recombination (for reasons that are not
clear). Approximately 80% of genetic
recombination in humans
In humans, the frequency of recombination
of loci on most chromosomes

Genetic Maps
Chromosome maps prepared by counting
phenotypes are called genetic maps.
They have been prepared for many
eukaryotes, including corn. Drosophila, the
mouse , and the tomato.
Genes that are present on the same
chromosome are called syntenic.

Modern Methods of Map

Construction

Mapping Using DNA Markers

Polymorphic DNA markers instead of
phenotypic traits
Double haploids

Genetic versus Physical Maps

Chromosome mapping by counting the number of
recombinants produces a genetic map of the chromosome.
But all the genes on the chromosome are incorporated in a
single molecule of DNA.
Genes are simply portions of the molecule (open reading
frames of ORFs) encoding products that create the
observed trait (phenotype)
The rapid progress in DNA sequencing has produced
complete genomes for many prokaryotes and several
eukaryotes.

Genetic versus Physical Maps

Having the complete sequence makes it
possible to determine directly the order and
spacing of the genes. Maps drawn in this
way are called physical maps
What is the relationship between the genetic
map and the physical map of a
chromosome?

Mapping in Humans
Using pedigrees
The basic difficulty with mapping genes in
humans is that it is hard to get big enough
pedigrees, with enough informative
families.

Mapping Using Hybridoma Cells

Figure 5-23

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Mapping in Humans
Other strategies include:

Human Genome Project

Chromosome viewer:
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_
Genome/posters/chromosome/chooser.shtml