Mendelian Genetics

Around 1857, Mendel began breeding garden peas to

study inheritance.
Pea plants have several advantages for genetics.
Pea plants are available in many varieties with distinct
heritable features (traits) with different variants
(characters).

Used quantitative (yes/no) characters

Used pure lines:
White
white white white
Red
red red red

Mendelian Genetics
To analyze the transmittance of traits, made
crosses between garden peas varieties with
discrete traits: white flowers/purple flowers
Used sexual reproduction in plants yes,
plants have sex too!

Mendelian Genetics
First pair of plants named parental
generation, P.
Removed anthers from one (purple flower)
plant, used pollen from another variety
(white flower)
Self pollination; cross pollination
Reciprocal crosses

pollen
Parental
generation (P)

pollen
cross-fertilize
true-breeding,
purple-flowered
plant

true-breeding,
white-flowered
plant
First-generation
offspring (F1)

all purple-flowered
plants

Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Monohybrid Cross
Collected seeds, planted them and obtained
next generation ____________________
All flowers on these plants were ________
Let them _____________________
Collected seeds, planted them and obtained
next generation ____________________

Firstgeneration
offspring (F1)
self-fertilize

Secondgeneration
offspring (F2)

3/4 purple

1/4 white

Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Monohybrid Cross
Plants in F2 generation had
______________ flowers in proportion
approximately _________________
All other crosses that followed the
inheritance of one trait produced similar
results and the same ratio

Figure 3-1

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Mendels conclusions
Each character is determined by
___________________________________
Each organism has ______________ discrete
factors per character
Two units ____________ during gametes
formation
The units do not mix in hybrid, but one unit can
____________ the development of another
Did not matter if the particulate factor was contributed by
the mother or the father (reciprocal crosses; i.e. female or
male meiosis) not always!

Rule of Segregation Or First Law

During the formation of gametes, the paired
unit factors _________________________,
randomly so that each gamete receives one
or the other with equal likelihood

Modern terminology
The trait (or character) is coded by ____________
Gene is located on ______________, the location
of the gene on the chromosome is called
____________________
Each organism has a pair of each chromosome
______________, 2n
Each chromosome contains the gene, but may
contain different variant of a gene - __________

Modern terminology
Since each organism has a pair of chromosomes
(one from the mother and one from the father),
alleles may be the same ___________________;
or different ________________________
One allele can mask the appearance of another
gene _____________________
Allele that is masked - __________________

Modern terminology
Capital letter A ___________________
Small letter a _____________________
AA ______________________________
Aa ______________________________
aa _______________________________

Modern terminology
A cross that follows the inheritance of one trait
monohybrid cross
P:
F1:
F2:
____________ phenotypic ratio
How it looks ___________________________
What gene codes the trait
________________________________________

purple parent

PP

all P sperm and eggs

white parent

pp

all p sperm and eggs

Copyright 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

F1
offspring
sperm

eggs

Pp

Pp

or

gametes from
F1 plants
eggs
sperm

F2
offspring

PP

Pp

Pp

pp

homozygous parent

gametes

heterozygous parent

gametes

 A Punnett square
predicts the results
of a genetic cross
between
individuals
of known
genotype.

Copyright2002PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasBenjaminCummings

Pp
self-fertilize

1
2

eggs

1
2

sperm

1
P
2
1
4 PP

1
4 Pp

1
4 pP

1
4 pp

1
p
2

Branch diagram
Parent 1
P
p

Parent 2

Phenotype

Test cross
Homozygous dominant and heterozygous
_____________________________
How is it possible to find out
____________?

pollen

PP or Pp
sperm unknown
if PP

pp
all eggs p
if Pp

egg

all
sperm P

all Pp

sperm

1
P
2
1 Pp
2

1
p
2
1
2 pp

egg

Figure 3-4a

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Figure 3-4b

Copyright 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Loss of function