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Measuring Motion
Speed
Average Speed = distance covered / time taken
v = d/t
metric unit of speed: m/s
English unit of speed: ft/s
Constant speed:
moving equal distances in equal time periods
an object covering 5 feet each second has a constant speed of
5ft/s
If speed changes:
Average speed: average over all speeds
Instantaneous CHANDIGARH
speed: speed
at any given instant
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Constant speed:
this car is moving in a straight line covering a
distance of 1 mi each minute. The car,
therefore, has a constant speed of 60 mi per
each 60 min, or 60 mi/hr.
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Velocity
shows how fast and in what direction an
object moves
Velocity: speed + direction of motion
it is a vector quantity
vector: a quantity that has both magnitude
(size) and direction
ex.: velocity, acceleration, force, etc.
Acceleration
Three ways to change motion:
change speed
change direction
change both speed and direction at the same time
Average acceleration: change in velocity over the time taken
to make the change
vf vi
a=
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
t = time interval
= m/s
= m/s2
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English unit for acceleration:
ft/s2
30 mi/hr
60
60 mi/hr
mi/hr
60 mi/hr
30 mi/hr
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Four different ways
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to accelerate a car.
(A) This graph shows how the speed changes per unit of time
while driving at a constant 30 mi/hr in a straight line. As you
can see, the speed is constant, and for straight-line motion, the
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acceleration is 0.
Forces
result from two kinds of interactions:
contact interactions
interaction at a distance (ex.: gravitational force)
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Adding Forces
net force (resultant): the sum of all forces acting
on an object
when two or more forces act on an object their
effects are cumulative (added together)
forces are added considering:
their directions
their magnitudes (sizes)
10 lb west
10 lb west
10 lb west
vector sum
F1
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F2
(A) This shows two equal forces (200 N each) acting at an angle
of 90O, which give a resultant force (Fnet) of 280 N acting at 45O.
(B) Two unequal forces acting at an angle of 60O give a single
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Inertia
Galileo:
natural tendency of objects:
at rest
in motion: explained the behavior of matter to
stay in motion by inertia
(B) A force is
applied to the
moving ball,
perhaps by a hand
that moves along
with the ball.
The force applied (Fapplied) equals the vector sum of the forces
opposing the motion, so the ball continues to move with a
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constant velocity.
Thus, an object
moving through space
without any opposing
friction (A) continues
in a straight line path
at a constant speed.
The application of an
unbalanced force as
shown by the large
arrow, is needed to (B)
slow down, (C) speed
up, or, (D) change the
direction of travel.
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Galileo (1564-1642)
challenged the
Aristotelian view of
motion and focused
attention on the
concepts of distance,
time, velocity, and
acceleration
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Falling Objects
free fall : due to force of gravity on the object
the velocity of a falling object does not depend on
its mass
in the absence of air resistance (in a vacuum) all
objects fall at the same velocity
differences in the velocities of falling objects are due to
air resistance
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According to a widespread
story, Galileo dropped two
objects with different
weights from the Leaning
Tower of Pisa. They were
supposed to have hit the
ground at about the same
time, discrediting
Aristotle's view that the
speed during the fall is
proportional to weight.
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The actual
leaning tower of
Pisa taken by
my friend Larry
Heath, Emeritus
Professor of
Technology on
his recent trip to
Rome
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The velocity of
a falling object
increases at a
constant rate
(i.e., by 32 ft/s
each second)
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v=
vi + vf
2
substitute this equation into d = vt to get
d = (vi + vf) (t)
2
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d = (vf) (t)
2
use the acceleration equation:
a=
vf - v i
t
vf = at
Substituting
d = vf in the equation for d above, we get:
(at) (t)
2
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An object
dropped from a
tall building
covers increasing
distances with
every successive
second of falling.
The distance
covered is
proportional to
the square of the
time falling
(d t2).
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Projectile motion
when an object is thrown into the air by a
given force
projectile motion can be:
straight up vertically
object thrown straight out horizontally
object thrown at some angle in between these two
in a projectile motion:
gravity acts on objects at all times (regardless of
their position)
acceleration due to gravity is constant and
independent of the motion of the object
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Vertical Projectiles
an object thrown straight up into the air
gravity acts on the object at all times,
pulling it down
as the object moves up its velocity decreases
(gravitational force slows down the object)
at the peak of the ascent, the object comes to
rest (for an instant) and begins its fall toward
the Earth
during the fall its velocity increases at a
constant rate (i.e., acceleration is constant and
equal to g, acceleration due to gravity).
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Horizontal Projectiles
an object thrown straight out horizontally
the force of gravity acts on the object at all
times, pulling it down
Projectile
thrown
at an angle
References
https://books.google.co.in/books?Rs+khurmi
+engineering+mechanics
www.google.com/engineering mechanics
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