A

SEMINAR

ON
EXPERIMENTALVERIFICATION AND NUMERICALSIMULATION OFACCUMILATIVE ROLLBONDED 5080 ALUMINIUM ALLOY

Under the guidance of

Dr. I. V.SINGH

Prof. B. K. MISHRA
Submitted by:
Shantanu KumarDas
CAD,CAM & Robotics

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Fixture Design & Fabrication
4. Proposed Work
5. References

INTRODUCTION
Lower back pain is one of the major problem found approximately in 60%-70% of the
population in industrialized areas. Most patients suffer back pain that include segmental
instability, disc herniation, spinal stenosis and other psychological state of individual &
Work environmental factors. Most of the back pain found in lumbar spine of vertebral
column of human body. Lumbar spine provides support of body weight, flexibility of
motion & protection against nervous structure i.e spinal cord .so biomechanical test has
been performed to know about mechanical properties of spine, effect of surgical procedures
on spinal behavior & injury mechanism.
Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the major problem in spinal column.Several
decompressive surgical procedures like laminectomy,unilateral laminotomy bilateral
laminotomy ,open-door type laminoplasty etc. are used for lumbar spinal stenosis .
In this experiment, six functional spinal units obtained from six adolescent male pigs are to
be used. Three functional spinal units are to be exposed to flexion-compression and three
functional spinal units to extension-compression loading to failure.

ANATOMY OF LUMBAR SPINE

LITERATURE REVIEW

Tai (2008) published their work on different decompressive surgery used for the treatment of
spinal stenosis disease like Laminectomy, Laminotomy etc.
Mainly two Decompressive surgery are used for the treatment of spinal stenosis disease.
They are 1) Laminectomy 2)Laminotomy
Laminectomy: The surgeon removes the bony spinous process. Next, the bony lamina is
removed with a drill or bone-biting tools. The thickened ligamentum flavum that connects
the laminae of the vertebra below with the vertebra above is removed . This is repeated for
each affected vertebrae.

Fig. 2.1: laminectomy

Laminotomy: It is the surgical incision and removal of a small part of a bony area of the
spine called the lamina. The lamina is the back part of each vertebra and forms the back wall
of your spinal canal. Your spinal cord runs through your spinal canal in the center of your
vertebrae. Certain conditions of the spine can compress the spinal cord and cause pain. A
laminotomy can relieve pressure in your spinal canal and on spinal nerves.

Fig. 2.2: laminotomy

In a motion segment the two vertebrae can move relative to each other in four primary modes:
compression/decompression, flexion/extension, lateral bending, and torsional rotation.

Fig. 2.3: movement in the motion

segment

Emans et al. (2008) published their work on dimensions & spine length in human
Table 1: dimension of spine in mm
and porcine model.
L1

25.5

23.6

24.5

22.6

28.5

23.7

10.3

2.7

L2

27.3

23.8

24.7

23.4

29.8

24.0

11.5

2.9

L3

28.7

24.7

25.5

23.4

29.8

24.4

11.8

2.6

L4

27.8

24.8

24.1

24.0

28.0

24.9

12.7

2.7

L5

29.5

24.7

25.3

23.9

24.9

25.0

8.8

3.0

L6

23.9

23.0

VBHa

23.4

VBHc

VBHp

2.9

IDH

Vertebra
Human

Porcine

Human

Porcine

Human

Porcine

Human

Porcine

 Kalyanrao (2010) described about different type injuries in lumbar & injury mechanism.
Vertebral End-plate fracture: This type of injury occurs when the force along Y-axis acts
downwards on the lumbar spine and the occupant is in a sitting position which results in force
transmitted through the disc, as seen in figure 2.4.
Mechanism of injury
There are three types of end-plate failure: 1) Fracture of central portion of the disc, 2) Fracture
which is peripheral in the end plate, and 3) Fractures that produce transverse tissues extending
across the entire end-plate.

Fig. 2.4: vertical force acting on the lumbar motion segment

Fig.2.5: end plate fracture mechanism

Compression of non-degenerated disc
A non-degenerated disc is one in which the nucleus pulposus is well hydrated as in case of
young people but with degeneration the disc is dehydrated and unable to develop pressure on
the application of force. Fig.2.6 highlights the failure mechanism of end plate for nondegenerated disc in which the nucleus produce the pressure, which results in compression
load at the middle of the end plate and some tension at the periphery. Loading of this nature
produces deflection at the center which induces bending stress at the center which may cause
central fractures.

Fig. 2.6: compression of non-degenerated disc

Fig. 2.7: compression of degenerated disc

Compression of degenerated disc
In a degenerated disc the compressive loads is transferred from one plate to other via annulus.
The nucleus is not capable to resist the load. The end plate is more loaded at its periphery.
The stress in the plate is uniformly distributed throughout the end plate.The fracture in this
occurs in the vertebral body is shown as in fig.2.7.
Ejection Seat Injury
Compression fractures and end plate fractures usually occur when a pilot ejects the ejection
seat from the plane in an emergency situation.

Mechanism of injury
The mechanism of this injury includes major compressive load acting on the pilot spine in
sitting position as a result of seat acceleration in upward direction. The extent of spine
compression depends on the acceleration levels and rise time of the pulse along with the
properties of seat cushion and energy absorbing capacity of seat structure. The initial
orientation of the vertebral column (i.e., Flexed, extended or straight.) dictates the injury
level.
Compression Fractures
Compression fractures are most frequent in lower thoracic and upper lumbar regions.
Generally these fractures show wedging of the vertebral bodies.
.

Mechanism of injury
This fracture is a result of vertical force acting along Y-axis or by moment about X axis or the
combination of both. The effect of these force on middle vertebrae is shown in the Fig.2.8 and
Fig.2.9. In the figure the dot represents the center of rotation therefore, when the axial load acts
along the rotation point there exists pure compression of the vertebrae and if this load acts
eccentric to the rotation point, the vertebrae body is subject to rotation.

Fig. 2.8: pure compression of lumbar spine

Fig. 2.9: combined loading of lumbar spine

Costabal (2011) published their work on structural parameters determining the strength of the
porcine vertebral body affected by tumors. In this paper he described about mechanical behavior
of lumbar spine.
In order to understand the role of bone tissue in the collapse of the vertebral body and in the
proposed model, it is necessary to give a quick overview of bone composition and mechanical
properties of this tissue.
Bone composition:
Bone is composed of inorganic and organic phases and water. It is approximately 60% inorganic,
30% organic and 10% water on a weight basis. The inorganic phase is mainly formed by
hydroxyapatite: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, which is a ceramic crystalline type mineral.
Mechanical properties:
Since bone has a complex composition, its mechanical properties and mechanical Behavior
depend on the site of evaluation and the loading direction and speed. In this Mechanical
properties of bone are strongly dependent on the volume fraction and Density.

Example of stress-strain curves of cortical and trabecular bone with

different apparent density in compression.

 Cortical bone has higher elastic modulus than trabecular bone, and a lower failure strain.
Trabecular bone behaves, in compression, initially like a linearly elastic material, then it shows
a local peak, followed by a strain softening region.
While in tension, it behaves more like a brittle material .In general Youngs modulus for the
trabecular bone ranges between 30 MPa for an elderly spine to 3000 MPa for some portions of
the femoral neck, and the ultimate strength ranges between 0.1 to 40 MPa, typically being a
factor of 100.
Kurutz (2012) published a paper on finite element modelling of lumbar spine where he
described about the biomechanics of lumbar spine .He mainly described the biomechanics of
different parts of lumbar spine mainly the vertebral body,articular facet joints & intervertebral
disc.

Biomechanics of the vertebral body and the articular facet joints

Lumbar vertebral bodies resist most of the compressive force acting down along the long
axis of the spine. Most of this load must resisted by the dense network of trabeculae, and less
by the cortical shell.During this process, radial stresses occur in the endplates, causing cracks
in it, to allow the nucleus to bulge also into the vertebral body.
The load bearing capacity of vertebrae depends mainly on the geometry, mass, bone mineral
density (BMD) and the bone architecture of the vertebral cancellous bone, which are in
correlation with aging, sex and degeneration.There is a significant decrease of vertical
compressive strength and load baring capacity of vertebral trabecular bone with the
development of osteoporosis during aging.
The articular facet joints stabilize the lumbar spine in compression, and prevent excessive
bending and translation between adjacent vertebrae.

Biomechanics of the intervertebral disc

The intervertebral discs provide the compressive force transfer between the two adjacent
vertebrae, at the same time, they allow the intervertebral mobility and flexibility. The
arrangement of the collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus is optimal for absorbing the stresses
generated by the hydrostatic compression state of the nucleus pulposus in axial loading of the
disc, moreover, they play an important role in restricting axial rotation of the spine.
Axial compressive stiffness is higher in the outer and posterior regions than in the inner and
anterior regions. Tensile stiffness is higher in the anterior and posterior part than in the lateral
and inner regions. Thus, the inner annulus near the nucleus seems to be the weakest area of
annulus, and the outer posterior part the strongest region.

FIXTURE DESIGN & FABRICATION

A Special designed fixture is used for flexural testing. Several parts of Fixture are
Lower base plate
Base block
Upper block
Upper plate
Load applying device
Special design fixture has a sliding base, so that we can fix the base block along with the bone at
any position of the lower base plate. The upper block can also be slide along with the lower base.
so bone can be fixed at any position of the plate. Several moments can be applied by setting the
bone in different position.

Fig.3.1: fixture design

By using a specially designed fixture, a constant moment generated through the axial movement
of the UTM actuator is applied to the spine specimen to achieve flexion and extension motions.

Dimension of different parts of fixture

LOWER BASE PLATE

UPPER BLOCK

LOWER BASE BLOCK

LOAD APPLYING DEVICE

4MM DEPTH OF
HOLE
4.950

65

180

UPPER PLATE

FABRICATED PARTS

Fig.3.7: upper plate attached with the upper block Fig.3.8: lower base plate along with base block

Fig.3.9: load applying device

PROPOSED WORK
After the manufacture of fixture, specimens are to be mounted for biomechanical testing
by Universal Testing Machine.
Different measurements of lumbar segment are to be performed in each porcine
specimen. 1) Intact under flexion; 2) Intact under extension; 3) Bilateral laminotomy
under flexion; 4) Bilateral laminotomy under extension; 5) Laminectomy under flexion;
6) Laminectomy under extension.The stability of the lumbar spine in intact form, after
bilateral laminotomy and after laminectomy are to be evaluated by comparing data .
From the stress-strain curve data of different specimen, we have to determine the ultimate
compressive strength & intervertebral displacement of specimens under different loading
conditions using extensometer.
From the mechanical behavior of different specimen, we can conclude that the surgical
specimen having lesser fracture strength is more prone to segmental instability .The
surgical specimen having higher fracture strength is more stable than other & this
surgery is the best surgery that can applied to Lumbar spine of lower back pain patients.

REFERENCES
Chen, Wen-Jer, Lai, Po-Liang, Tai, Ching-Lung , Chen, Lih-Huei, Niu, Chi-Chien (2009):
The effect of sagittal alignment on adjacent joint mobility after lumbar instrumentationa
biomechanical study of lumbar vertebrae in a porcine model.
Costabal, Sahli Francisco (2011): Structural parameters determining the strength of the
porcine vertebral body affected by tumors, 123456789/1328, Santiago de Chile.
Emans JB, Ciarlo M, Callahan M, Zurakowski D (2008): Prediction of thoracic dimensions
and spine length based on individual pelvic dimensions in children and adolescents: an ageindependent, individualized standard for evaluation of outcome in early onset spinal
deformity, 1637-1912.
Kalyanrao,Thorbole Chandrashekhar (2010): Finite Element Analysis of Vertebral End-Plate
Failure under High Dynamic Axial Load and Its Relation to Age.
Kurutz,marta (2012): Finite Element Modeling and Simulation of Healthy and Degenerated
Human lumbar Spine, ISBN: 978-953-51-0474-2.
Tai,Ching-Lung, Hsieh, Pang-Hsing, Chen, Weng-Pin, Chen, Lih-Huei, Chen, WenJer and Lai, Po-Liang (2008): Biomechanical comparison of lumbar spine instability
between laminectomy and bilateral laminotomy for spinal stenosis syndrome .