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CQI

CQI stands for Channel Quality Indicator. As the name implies, it is an indicator carrying the
information on how good/bad the communication channel quality is. This CQI is for HSDPA. (LTE
also has CQI for its own purpose).
CQI is the information that UE sends to the network and practically it implies the following two
i) Current Communication Channel Quality is this-and-that..
ii) I (UE) wants to get the data with this-and-that transport block size, which in turn can be
directly converted into throughput
In HSDPA, the CQI value ranges from 0 ~ 30. 30 indicates the best channel quality and 0,1
indicates the poorest channel quality. Depending which value UE reports, network transmit data
with different transport block size. If network gets high CQI value from UE, it transmit the data
with larger transport block size and vice versa.

What if network sends a large transport block even though UE reports low CQI, it is highly probable that
UE failed to decode it (cause CRC error on UE side) and UE send NACK to network and the network have
to retransmit it which in turn cause waste of radio resources.
What if UE report high CQI even when the real channel quality is poor ? In this case, network would
send a large transport block size according to the CQI value and it would become highly probable that
UE failed to decode it (cause CRC error on UE side) and UE send NACK to network and the network have
to retransmit it which in turn cause waste of radio resources.
How UE can measure CQI ? This is the most unclear topic to me. As far as I know, there is no explicit
description in any standard on the mechanism by which the CQI is calculated, but it is pretty obvious
that the following factors play important roles to CQI measurement.
1-> signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
2-> signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR)
3-> signal-to-noise plus distortion ratio (SNDR)
It is not defined in the specification on how these factors are used and whether there is any other
factors being involved. The implementation is all up to chipset makers. Usually at chipset development
stage, they do a lot of testing to correlate the measured SNR and the measured BLER by the chipset
and create some internal table (or equation) for the correlation. And the mapping table (function)
would eventually used to determine CQI value.

In LTE, there are 15 different CQI values randing from 1 to 15 and mapping between CQI and
modulcation scheme, transport block size is defined as follows (36.213)

If you are an engineer in Network (eNodeB) programming, you need to know the number of resource
blocks and MCS for each CQI value to properly allocate the resources for each of UEs. With the modulation
scheme in the table, you would get a certain range of MCS you can use for each CQI index. But you cannot
pinpoint a specific MCS and Number of RBs. You need another condition to get the proper MCS and N RBs
and it is 'Code Rate' shown in the table. But still there is not a single formula that would give you a
single/determined value for MCS and NRB. You have to come up with a set of MCS and N RB that meet the
modulation scheme and Code Rate requirement in the table. One example case can be as follows.

UMTS Handover
There are following categories of handover (also referred to as handoff):
Hard Handover
Hard handover means that all the old radio links in the UE are removed before the
new radio links are established. Hard handover can be seamless or non-seamless.
Seamless hard handover means that the handover is not perceptible to the user.
In practice a handover that requires a change of the carrier frequency (interfrequency handover) is always performed as hard handover.
Soft Handover
Soft handover means that the radio links are added and removed in a way that the
UE always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft handover is performed
by means of macro diversity, which refers to the condition that several radio links
are active at the same time. Normally soft handover can be used when cells
operated on the same frequency are changed.

Softer handover
Softer handover is a special case of soft handover where the radio links that are added
and removed belong to the same Node B (i.e. the site of co-located base stations from
which several sector-cells are served. In softer handover, macro diversity with
maximum ratio combining can be performed in the Node B, whereas generally in soft
handover on the downlink, macro diversity with selection combining is applied.
Generally we can distinguish between intra-cell handover and inter-cell handover. For
UMTS the following types of handover are specified:
Handover 3G -3G (i.e. between UMTS and other 3G systems)
FDD soft/softer handover
FDD inter-frequency hard handover
FDD/TDD handover (change of cell)
TDD/FDD handover (change of cell)
TDD/TDD handover
Handover 3G - 2G (e.g. handover to GSM)
Handover 2G - 3G (e.g. handover from GSM)

The most obvious cause for performing a handover is that due to its movement a
user can be served in another cell more efficiently (like less power emission, less
interference). It may however also be performed for other reasons such as system
load control.
Active Set is defined as the set of Node-Bs the UE is simultaneously connected to
(i.e., the UTRA cells currently assigning a downlink DPCH to the UE constitute the
active set).
Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the
CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the Monitored Set.
Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in the
active set belong to the Detected Set. Reporting of measurements of the detected
set is only applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH
state.

The different types of air interface measurements are:


Intra-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at
the same frequency as the active set. A measurement object corresponds to one
cell.
Inter-frequency measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels at
frequencies that differ from the frequency of the active set. A measurement
object corresponds to one cell.
Inter-RAT measurements: measurements on downlink physical channels belonging
to another radio access technology than UTRAN, e.g. GSM. A measurement object
corresponds to one cell.
Traffic volume measurements: measurements on uplink traffic volume. A
measurement object corresponds to one cell.
Quality measurements: Measurements of downlink quality parameters, e.g.
downlink transport block error rate. A measurement object corresponds to one
transport channel in case of BLER. A measurement object corresponds to one
timeslot in case of SIR (TDD only).
UE-internal measurements: Measurements of UE transmission power and UE
received signal level.
UE positioning measurements: Measurements of UE position.
The UE supports a number of measurements running in parallel. The UE also
supports that each measurement is controlled and reported independently of

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