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Goals:
Implementation
and
Barriers
Introduction
TheMillennium
Development Goals(MDGs)aretheeightinternational
developmentgoalsthatwereestablishedfollowingtheMillennium Summit of
theUnitedNationsin2000,followingtheadoptionoftheUnited Nations
Millennium Declaration.All189 United Nations memberstatesatthetime
(thereare193currently),andat least 23 international organizations,
committedtohelpachievethefollowingMillenniumDevelopmentGoalsby
2015.
eradicateextreme povertyandhunger
achieveuniversal primary education
promotegender equalityand empower women
reducechild mortality
improvematernal health
combatHIV/AIDS,malaria, and other diseases
ensure environmental sustainability
develop a global partnership for development
Symbols Used
Introduction
Pakistanhasadopted16(outof18)targetsand41(outof48)
indicatorsagainstwhichprogresstowardsachievingtheEight
GoalsoftheMDGsismeasured.Timeseriesdataavailablefor33
oftheseindicatorsrevealthatPakistanisontracktoachievethe
targetson9indicators,whereasitsprogresson24indicatorsisoff
track.
Goal#1EradicateExtremePovertyandHunger
UnderMDG1,Pakistanaimstohalveby2015,theproportionofpeopleliving
belowthenationalpovertyline,achievefullandproductiveemploymentanddecent
workforall,andhalvetheproportionofpeoplewhosufferfromhunger.
Percentageofpopulationbelowthepovertylinefellfrom34.5percentin2001/02
to12.4percentin2010/11.
Pakistansemploymenttopopulationratioincreasedfrom27.1percentin2001/02
to30.9percentin2010/11makingtheprospectoffullemploymentby2015highly
unlikely.
Goal#1EradicateExtremePovertyandHunger
Barriers
LawandOrderandGovernance
Education,TechnologyandHealth
Landlessnessinruralareas
Powerstructuresinruralareas
DoingbusinessinPakistan
Goal#2AchieveUniversalPrimaryEducation(UPE)
TheMDG2forPakistantargets100percentprimaryschoolenrolment,100
percentcompletionofeducationfromgrades1-5andan88percentliteracy
rate.
Rateofprimaryeducationandcompletionincreaseduptothemid-2000sbut
thereafterslowedandfluctuated,andin2011/12were57percentand50
percentrespectively.
Theliteracyrateis58percentoverall,butthisishighlyskewedtowards
males-70percentmales,47percentoffemales
Pakistanisthusoff-trackonallthreetargetsandthereforenotlikelyto
achieveMDG2.
Barriers
Poverty
Culturalbarriers
Inadequateschoolfacilities
Longwalkschools
Civilconflicts
Naturaldisasters
Poorqualityofteaching
IDPs
Goal#3PromoteGenderEqualityandEmpowerWomen
MDG3aimstoeliminategenderdisparityinprimaryandsecondaryeducationby
2005,andinalllevelsofeducationby2015.
Genderdisparityineducationhasimproved-forprimaryeducation,secondary
educationandyouthliteracy,butstillfallsshortoftheMDGstargetssetfor2015.
Genderparityineducationhasimprovedforprimaryeducation,secondary
educationandyouthliteracy,butstillfallsshortoftheMDGtargetssetfor2015.
Punjab,withitshigherbase,remainstheleaderineducationindicators,but
interprovincialdisparitiesbetweenPunjab,SindhandKPhavenarrowed;
Balochistanistheexceptionitimprovedbutstilllagsbehindtheothers.
Goal#3PromoteGenderEqualityandEmpowerWomen
Theshareofwomeninnon-agriculturewageemploymentis10.45percentin
2010/11,stillshortofthe14percenttarget.
Again,Punjabat13.25percentisveryclosetotheMDGtarget;bycontrast,
Balochistansfigureof2.32percentin2010/11isextremelylow.
Therehasbeenconsiderableprogressonincreasingwomensrepresentationin
legislativebodies.Overall,withallfourindicators(withsettargets)ofthisgoalofftrack,PakistanisunlikelytomeetMDG3.
Goal#3PromoteGenderEqualityandEmpowerWomen
Barriers
Femaleeducationislow
Less/noroleinpoliticaldecisionmaking
Violenceagainstwomen
Jobshare
Goal#4Reducechildmortality
UnderMDG4,Pakistanhassetitselftheobjectiveofreducingtheunder-fivechild
mortality(U5MR)bytwo-thirds.
ThecountryhasshownslowandgradualprogressonalltheindicatorsrelatedtothisMDG.
Under-fivemoralityfellfrom117
deathsin1990/91to89deathsper1,000livebirthsin2012/13;andtheinfantmortalityrate
inthisperiodfrom102to74deaths
per1,000livebirths.
However,botharestillshortoftheMDGtargetsof52deathsper1,000livebirths
forunder-fivemortality,and40deathsper1,000livebirthsforinfantmortality.
Goal#4Reducechildmortality
Thecoverageforfullyimmunizedchildrenincreasedfrom75to80percentandof
measlesimmunizationfrom80to81percentinthisperiod;botharestillshortofthe
targetofabove90percentcoverage.
Barriers
Dysfunctionalhealthsystem
Poverty,undernutrition
Femaleeducationandempowerment
Socioculturalandbeliefsystemsdeterminehouseholdpracticesandcare
seekingbehaviors.
Funding
Securityproblemswithhealthworkers.
Noaccountabilityofpoorperformance.
Goal#5ImproveMentalHealth
By2015,Pakistanintendstoreducethematernalmortalityrate(MMR)bythree-quarters
andensureuniversalaccesstoreproductivehealth.
Overthepastdecadeorso,arenewedfocusonprovidingtimelyandefficienthealthcare
optionstowomenofchildbearingageisapparent.Pakistanhasshownconsiderableyet
insufficientprogressforachievingthetargetssetfor2015.
MMRhasbeenalmosthalved(downto276per100,000birthsin2006/07),contraceptive
usagehasalmosttripled(upto35.4percent),proportionofbirthsattendedbyskilledbirth
attendants(SBAs)havemorethandoubled(upto52.1percent),andantenatalconsultations
havemorethanquadrupled(upto68percent)since1990/91.
Goal#5ImproveMentalHealth
Thetotalfertilityrateat3.8remainsconsiderablyhigherthanthetargetof2.1.
Overall,Pakistanisofftrackonallindicatorsandthereforeunlikelytoachieve
MDG5.
Barriers
Poor/nohealtheducation
Poverty,propernutritionnotaccessible
Dysfunctionalhealthsystem
Lackoffunds
Lessfamiliarizationprogrammes
Goal#6CombatHIV/AIDSMalariaandotherDiseases
MDG6strivestoreversethespreadofHIV/AIDSandtheincidenceofmalariaand
othermajordiseases.
Mostoftheindicatorsshowpositivetrends,particularlyinthecaseofHIV
prevalenceamongpregnantwomen,anddetectionandprovisionofhealthcarefor
TBpatients.
Thelatterhasbeenachievedandtheformerislikelytobe.
However,theyearonyeargrowthofoverallTBcases(upto230cases/10,000
population)representsoneoftheworstfaringindicatorsforPakistaninallthe
MDGs.HIV/AIDStrendsamongvulnerablegroupsarealsoalarming.
Goal#6CombatHIV/AIDSMalariaandotherDiseases
Theproportionofpeopleinmalariariskareasusingeffectivepreventionand
treatmentmeasuresremainslow(75percentagainstthetargetof40percent).
Pakistanisoff-trackonthreeoutoffiveindicatorsandthereforeunlikelytoachieve
MDG6.
Goal#6CombatHIV/AIDSMalariaandotherDiseases
Barriers
Poorknowledgeofthelesseducated
Governmentrolenotappreciable
Dysfunctionalhealthsystem
Insecurityofhealthworkers
Poorsanitation
Goal#7EnsureEnvironmentalSustainability
MDG7aimstopromotesustainabledevelopment,andhasthetargetofhalvingthe
proportionofpeoplewithoutsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandbasic
sanitation,andbringingaboutasignificantimprovementinthelivesofslum
dwellers.
OfthesevenMDG7indicators,Pakistanisontracktoachievefour:protecting
areasforwildlifeconservation(11.6percentagainstthetargetof12percent),
reducingsulphurcontentinhighspeeddiesel,improvingGDPperunitenergy
(measureofenergyefficiency)andimprovingaccesstosafedrinkingwater(89
percentagainstthetargetof93percent).
However,itislaggingonaccesstosanitation;currently72percentofthe
populationshaveaccesstothisfacilityagainstatargetof90percent.
Goal#7EnsureEnvironmentalSustainability
Overall,withfouroutofsevenindicatorsontrack,Pakistanislikelytoachieve
MDG7withcontinuedefforts;thisistheonlygoalwherethemajorityofindicators
areon-tracktobeattained.
Barriers
Dysfunctionalhealthsystem
Lackoffunds
Inadequateindustrialenvironmentalmanagement
Disastermanagementcells
Funds
developedcountriestofostermultilateral,bilateralandregionalnorth-southtrade.Under
thisMDGthedevelopedcountrieshavecommittedfinancial,technicalandcapacity
developmentsupport.
ForPakistan,effortstoimprovemarketaccessregionallyandgloballyachievedmixed
results:therewasanimpasseintheDohaRoundofWTOnegotiations,bilateraltradewith
Indiastrengthenedbutremainshamperedbysecurityconcernsandmistrust;
Goal#8DevelopaGlobalPartnershipforDevelopment
Pakistan
imports,asoneindicatorofmarketaccess,arecomparativelyhighforPakistan-8
percentcomparedto6percentfordevelopingmarketeconomies.
Debtsustainabilityindicatorshaveshownimprovementsincetheirhighsin2001.
ODAformsanimportantcomponentintherealizationofMDG8.
Barriers
Corruption
Unpredictablepoliticalsituation
Terrorism
Loans
ForeignInvestment
TheGender