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DATA PRESENTATION
& DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Engr.Hammad Shahab
DATA PRENENTATION
Engr.Hammad Shahab
Engr.Hammad Shahab
Text codes
Code which represent the letters of
alphabet punctuation marks and
other symbols
Most popular code system is
ASSCII etc.
Engr.Hammad Shahab
Storage type
Inside the system unit~~~~
Hard drive
CD\DVD drive
Storage Types~~~~~~~~~~~
Magnetic Storage
Floppy and Hard Drive
use magnet to access data
Optical Storage
CD and DVD drives
use laser beam to access data
Engr.Hammad Shahab
Storage type
Magnetic Storage
Disk drives, Hard Disk Drives, high capacity floppy disk drives
and tape drives and magnetic tape are coated with a
magnetically sensitive material
This special coating enables them to store data
Optical Storage
Optical storage devices use lasers to read data and write data
to the reflective surface of an optical disk.
CD-ROM drive is type of optical storage
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CPU
The central processing unit ,Also referred as processor
A CPU for a microcomputer is referred to as a microprocessor
It consists of variety of components packaged together and
plugged directly into the mother board
Most PCs use CPUs manufactured by Intel or Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD)
Desktop PCs include Intel Pentium 4 and the AMD Athlon XP
Home PCs use a Celeron CPU
CPUs were developed through a cooperative effort by Apple,
Motorola, and IBM
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Word size
Amount of data measured in bits or bytes that a cpu can
manipulate at one time
The size of registers is called word size
Different CPUs may have different word sizes
A larger word size allows faster processing in a computer system
Newer CPUs are designed for 64-bit (words) it means data moves
around within the CPU and from the CPU to memory in 64-bit (8
byte)
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Bus width
The no of wires in the bus over which data can travel
The wider the bus has the more data can be transferred at one
time
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Cache Memory
Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory
that is built into a computers central processing unit (CPU), or
located next to it on a separate chip.
The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are
repeatedly required to run programs, improving overall system
speed
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Advantage
The advantage of cache memory is that the CPU does not have to
use the motherboards system bus for data transfer. Whenever data
must be passed through the system bus, the data transfer speed
slows to the motherboards capability.
The CPU can process data much faster by avoiding the
bottleneck created by the system bus.
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Cache that is built into the CPU is faster than separate cache,
running at the speed of the microprocessor itself.
separate cache is still roughly twice as fast as Random Access
Memory (RAM).
Cache is more expensive than RAM, but it is well worth getting a
CPU and motherboard with built-in cache in order to maximize
system performance.
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Memory
Referred to the chip based storage
Memory is one or more sets of chips that store data,
program or instructions either temporarily or permanent
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Block diagram
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Components of CPU
The ALU (arithmetic logic unit )
The control unit
Registers
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Arithmetic operations
Add +
Subtract Multiply *
Divide /
Raised by a power ^
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Logical operations
Equal to, not equal to
Greater than ,not greater than
Less than ,not less than
Greater than or equal to ,not greater than or
equal to
Less than or equal to ,not less than or not equal
to
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Control unit
Coordinates and controls the computers
operations such as retrieving instructions and
passing them to the ALU for execution
tells the ALU what to do and making sure
every thing happens at the right time
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Registers
Group of high speed memory located within the CPU
into which data is transferred just before processing
ALU uses register to temporary store data
intermediary calculation and final result of processing
CPU uses different registers for different purposes
Instruction register IR
Accumulator register
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Prefetch unit
Requests instruction and data from cache or
RAM
Retrieve the necessary instructions and data
before the time
Helps to avoid delays in processing
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Decode unit
Take instruction from the Prefetch unit and translates
them into a form that control unit understand them
Internal cache
L1 and L2 cache is used to store frequently used
instructions and data
If necessary items are not in internal cache than they
must be retrieved from external cache or RAM
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Machine Cycles
Each time the CPU executes the instruction it takes
many steps
complete series of steps is called a machine cycle
Instruction set
Collection of basic machine language commands that
the CPU can understand
each instruction set is broken down in to many
smaller machine level instructions called microcode
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Fetch unit
The fetch unit is in charge of loading
instructions from memory.
First, it will look if the instruction required by
the CPU is in the L1 instruction cache. If it is
not, it goes to the L2 memory cache. If the
instruction is also not there, then it has to
directly load from the slow system RAM
memory
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Decode unit
After the fetch unit instruction required by the CPU to
be processed, it sends it to the decode unit.
The decode unit will then figure out what that
particular instruction does. It breaks down the
instruction into small parts called microcode.
After the decode unit translated the instruction and
grabbed all required data to execute the instruction, it
will pass all data and the step-by-step cookbook on
how to execute that instruction to the execute unit.
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