Welding Metallurgy

Welding Metallurgy

1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/1

Welding Metallurgy

Lesson Objectives
When you finish this lesson you will
understand:
The various region of the weld where
liquid forms
Mechanisms of cracking associated with
these regions

Learning Activities
1. Read Handbook pp
103-123
2. View Slides;
3. Read Notes,
4. Listen to lecture
5. Do on-line
workbook
6. Do homework

Keywords
Composite Zone, Hot Cracking, Constitutional Supercooling,
Unmixed Zone, Partially Melted Zone, Constitutional Liquation,
1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/2

Introduction

Welding Metallurgy

Materials Behavior

Weldability is the capacity of a material to be

welded under the fabrication conditions
imposed, into a specific, suitably designed
structure, and to perform satisfactorily in the
intended service.

Materials compatibility
Process
Response to stress and strain during welding

0.1.1.5.0.T1.95.12
1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/3

Introduction

Welding Metallurgy

Basic Regions of a Weld

Fusion Zone - area
Fusion zone

Base metal

Heat-affected zone

that is completely
melted
Heat-Affected Zone portion of the base
metal not melted but
whose mechanical
properties and
microstructure were
affected by the heat of
the joining process
Base Metal
0.1.1.5.0.T2.95.12
1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/4

Composite Zone Concerns

Welding Metallurgy

Cracking in Welds

Solidification (Hot) Cracking

Solidification (hot) cracking requires

Solidification occurs over a range of temperature

Low melting point intergranular films

Low ductility material

High tensile contraction stress

Sulfur, phosphorus, boron

Prevention by

Low C, S, P levels
Increased Mn

0.1.1.5.2.T13.95.12
1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/6

Introductory Welding Metallurgy,

AWS, 1979

Phase Metallurgy
Diagram
Welding

When Interstitial Carbon Alloys with Iron

1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/9

Welding Metallurgy

Steel

Perils of Welding Free-Machining Steels

Solidification cracking
due to impurity elements

Sulfur, phosphorus, boron

Lead doesnt seem to
cause a problem, e.g.
12L14

Impurity segregation at
weld centerline creates
low ductility area

Combines with shrinkage

stress to cause cracking

1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/16
0.1.1.5.2.T13.95.12

Welding Metallurgy

Steel

Manganese Can Prevent Solidification Cracking

Manganese combines with sulfur to form MnS particles

Use a filler metal with higher manganese to absorb sulfur
ER70S-3
0.06 - 0.15
0.9 - 1.4
0.45 - 0.7
0.02
0.035
0.05

Composition
carbon
manganese
silicon
phosphorus
sulfur
copper

ER70-6
0.07-0.15
1.4 - 1.85
0.8 - 1.15
0.02
0.035
0.5

1998/MJ1/MatJoin3/17

Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.):

Constitutional supercooling works for alloys with K values
less than 1.0 but what happens for alloys with K greater
than 1.0 (I.e. rising liguidus with increasing temperature)?
Can you draw the three corves?

Unmixed Zone Concerns

Partially Melted Zone Concerns

Turn to the person sitting next to you and discuss (1 min.):

What sequence of event needs to take place for
constitutional liquation to result in liquid films? Can we use
a phase diagram to predict if this will happen or not?